Maturity and Emerging Adulthood P 2

This article is about Gwendolyn who was the singer-songwriter and the Goodtime Gang happened to be her band. Gwendolyn’s appeal is over age seven (7) wherein her typical performance may include the coverage of standards in preschool such as the â€Å"Bingo and The Itsy Spider†. She has also some original compositions tackling the topics of human anatomy with the emphasis of sharing. Gwendolyn was twenty-eight years old and said to be performing the Raggedy Ann dress, known to be the pigtails that are cartoonist and the socks are knee-high. She performed in one of the nightclubs of Los Angeles that even performs for such crowd of fans wherein the idea is indeed stiff drinking extending beyond the undiluted. Many of the audience are sitting crossed-legged on the floor wherein the cocktails may even perch of the knees considerably bobbing. Gwendolyn has no children of her own but most of her songs are definitely for children as inspired by a four (4) year old kid inside me that performed the music of children for the grown-ups audience that is absolutely more than the lark of hipster which was then absolutely liberating.   The inner children are having the fun all over and whether the mere fact of buying cars as the consumers’ market at their half age, the baby-doll fashions of dressing may be the bonding over the games of Twister and at the same time kickball with the new breed of the quasi adult who is the culture’s co-opting with the children as never been before. Mostly have their busy lives with the responsibilities among adult with the jobs as indeed respectful and the children of their own. They are not absolutely been regard as stunted adolescents wherein the are said to be something thus, the grown-ups may event cultivate the tastes in the products as well as Call’s entertainment with rejuveniles. Synthesis: In terms of Ethos of the Article, the speaker is very convincing in terms of the presence of widespread evidence. As stated by Nielsen Media, the research made proven that the more adults at age eighteen (18) to forty-nine years old may even watch the Network pertaining to Cartoon than watching CNN. There are more than thirty-five million people that were able to catch up with the long-lost pals of school on the Web site Classmates.com. The signing on this web site has its proof of making sixteen again and the so-called â€Å"60 Minutes II† corresponds to this as indeed reported. The fuzzy pajamas which were attached to the feet may come in the sizes of adult at its Target that is along with the underpants of Scooby Doo. As studied the video game of average age is now twenty-nine (29) that is up from only eighteen in the year 1990, in accordance with the entertainment Software Association. Another attraction is the cartoon Hello Kitty facing the toasters’ graces wherein the Sea Monkeys may come in the set of executive. Avenue Q is called the stars of the puppets classified as the puppets of googly-eyed that even grapple with the disappointment in career and mixed such credit cards with relationships failure. The part of pleasure in show that is beside the puppet sex is the real attachments’ rediscovery with the creatures like those of children as discussed by Jeff Whitty who happened t be the librettist. This may awaken the kid in us. There was no single word emerging with the phenomenon’s description but some of the few phrases in lexicon marketing may even describe some of the important aspects. Another thing is the advertisement in San Francisco   with the firm Odiorne Wilde Narraway and Partners may call with the retro brands resurgence who were among eighteen (18) to at least thirty-four (34) years olds. There are also article logos as used in order to attract more audience and Peter pandemonium as made by the Toymakers may now take the aim at kidult which was defined by the company of Italian named Kidult Games wherein most adults may take care the kid inside. The researchers at the Foundation of MacArthur study the adultolescents with the said twenty (20) to thirty (30) something’s living at home and still depended on the financial support of most parents including the emotions. Some of the marketers may court the direct rejuvenates like for instance, the mother and daughter’s friendship wherein this may ask the revived line of advertisement for such revived line of the dolls by Strawberry Shortcake while the others may speak with the soul of rejuvenate by means of simple selling to many kids. The element of Honda including the Tonka like is indeed the introduction of such mini-truck by the company in terms of dorm room’s combination with the camp’s base designated for the buyers who are younger active and was able to market at the extreme sports as well as the surfing events. The average age in terms of the Element drivers, Mr. Boyd speak about the average age of the drivers’ element with anticipation that with regards to the new definition in terms of family buyer, someone does not even want to give up the so-called character of an individual though they are indeed getting older. There is no new things discovered with regards to the reveling adults in the culture of kiddies wherein Shirley Temple, Ronald Dahl including Pee Wee Herman had plenty of fans among the adult and the researchers in market may even say that the childishness strong way may start about two years ago. The source of credibility may be used as the construction as examined in terms of social sciences wherein the recent work may found the existence of support with regards to the three dimensions as identified with work from the year 1950s through the 180s with consistent revelation in terms of two dimensions, the competence and the character including the other dimensions like for instance dynamism as founded with the broad approaches that may even equate the person perception’s in terms of credibility. Going back to Mr. Furendi may start the research may call as the cultivation of self-conscious in terms of immaturity that is after the college spotting for most students who are watching with Teletubbies in the bar of most university. The scene that may stick in mind may be able to think with the wave’s representative with infantilism that sweeps with Britain and beyond. The happening is in terms of maintenance with Mr. Furendi as the natural extreme responding to the culture of media equating to be older with being square and at the same time younger and yet being relevant. Nowadays, the way of demonstrating the worth is up to the extent in which there still rock concerts considerably groovy with the still player. But many of those who was able to fit with the best profile was able to grow up with the wearing of Sesame Street T-shirts or the skin knees of arthritic and at the same time the motor scooters insisting with the obstinate Peter Pans or the connoisseurs of the so-called kitsch. With regards to many descriptions there is such near frantic compulsion remaining to be playful, at the same time flexible and fun in the said face of realities like the mortgages that is considerably of fixed-rate or the lawn care. Like for instance, Mitch Anthony, the president of brand as well as the design firm in the Northampton, mass is indeed full-fledged adult wherein the children may be closer in full in terms of suits and the fence considerably picket costing $ 10,000. The said approach upon reaching 50th birthday, there is no absolute reason giving up most of the doing as love for the kid that still biking. The love for hanging with friends and with pleasure of talking about sex is the common things done by younger generations. Rejuvenates may absolutely reserve with the deepest respect for most adults in terms of management in terms of both taking care with the business and making time for the said playing. Response Bryan Page, the known professor of anthropology including the department’s chairman at Miami University may play the history regarding the recreation or children’s preparation moving into the roles of adult. The totality of dynamic was the reversal of such play becoming the primary purpose and at the same time value with many lives of adult. This is about the bordering of the sacred wherein the historical standpoint may be having its entire backward. Most rejuvenates may even reject the enthusiasms’ notion who are being childish in the first place like for instance the appreciation on Chipmunks in terms of recording is indeed funny during the period as discussed by Jacob Austen who is thirty-four (34) years old, known to be the writer of Chicago and the music authority by Alvin as well as the Chipmunks as part of the genre among the fans of music children with the affection called the rodent rock. Mr. Austen was able to produce the dance program among the children in Chicago with the address in public-access in terms of television saying that one of the best entertainments among the kids is indeed universal. Ironically, most kids as experienced in the actual may not even be caring lesser about the stuff which may enchant the rejuvenates and the taking of the Music Project in the Schools of Langley that is â€Å"Innocence and Despair†, with the Canadian CD the children of school with the praised by likes of David Bowie and John Zorn calling with nothing that is absolutely lesser than the music touching with the heart in such a way that there is no other music which has ever had. The focus may be the conceptions of transition to the adulthood which is absolutely different among the adults of young-to-midlife as compared with the groups of younger age. In all the groups’ age, the criteria of individualism may be most likely considered to be the important makers in terms of adulthood transition, with such specific acceptance for the actions that may even decide with the beliefs and values that may even establish in equal relationships among the parents and becoming to be in financial independency. The younger to the adults of midlife may be less likely in terms of adolescents is considering with transitions of adulthood with specific acceptance in terms of responsibility regarding one’s actions, in order to decide the beliefs and the values that establish the relationship as equal among the parents and may become as the financial independent. The adults of young-to-midlife were said to be less likely compared to adolescents considering the biological transitions and at the same time important and at the same time more likely to be emerged as part of the transition with adulthood. In all the three Groupings , the role of the said transitions such as marriage may even rank with the importance that is considerably lowest. Conclusion: The sign of being adulthood is to get married that signifies the adulthood’s attainment in terms of American society. This is considered as one of the important than the others with equal importance and perhaps none of tem with entire differently criteria’s that are absolutely different. The dependency on every perspective is to anticipate the adulthood’s transition or in the said process in order to look at the perspective of midlife. In the present study, the transition’s conceptions for adulthood may even examine the majority of American culture considered as the role of transitions in many areas like the marriage and to become a parent, the capacities of parent such as the capacity in order to give care for children and the compliance known to be normative such as the drunk driving to avoid the individuals in order to decide with own beliefs and at the same time values that includes the transitions with legal and biological aspect. The focus of this study is mainly on adulthood conception in the majority culture of most American wherein the large white and the middle class may be broad in terms of the American society setting the mostly of the norms including the standards holding the political positions including the economics and the power of intellect. This is in recognition with the American society and may even include such other cultures as being perspectives with different presentations wherein the criteria of adulthood may be used in the present study for drawing the anthropological, study in sociology including the psychological transition of adulthood learned from the previous studies made. References http://www.christophernoxon.com/index.php/cnsite/clip/i_dont_want_to_grow_up/ Rejuvenile: Kickball, Cartoons, Cupcakes and the Reinvention of the American Grown-Up, Chirstopher Noxon http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christopher-noxon   

Flags of Our Fathers & Letters of Iwo Jima

‘Flags of our Fathers’ is a movie directed by Clint Eastwood and takes place during World War 2 about the Battle of Iwo Jima. The film circulates around the five Marines and the lone Navy solider who raised the American flag on Mt. Suribachi. Although the photo was taken when they raised the replacement flag, since the military wanted to keep the original so politicians would not take it and put it in their home as a shrine. There were only three survivors out of the six that raised the flag, so they were shipped back to the United States.When they got back they travel the United Stated shaking people’s hands and telling them about the photo in order to raise money for the war. Throughout the trip Ira is constantly getting drunk and eventually gets shipped back to his unit as he wished since he made the General very angry. The remaining two soldiers continue to travel and raise money. After the war ends, all three finally get to go home. Although two of the soldie rs struggled with their life after the war, since one went on to become a school janitor and the other hitchhiked across the country and could not escape his past.While the other soldier bought a funeral home and ran it until he passed away, he was the only successful one. All three saw each other one last time at the unveiling of the Marines War memorial, which was a statue of the flag raising on Mt. Suribachi. ‘Letters from Iwo Jima’ was also another movie about World War 2 involving Battle of Iwo Jima directed by Clint Eastwood, except this film shows you the other side of the war. It shows you what the Japanese did to prepare for the war and shows there perspective of it.Although it mainly focuses on a few soldiers and one particularly, who was a just a young man who was a baker who got drafted. It starts off when Japanese soldiers were digging trenches on the beach then the General comes and changes everything. He tells to start digging tunnels for what they though t would be a better defense. Since the Japanese fleet was destroyed he did not think it was necessary to have trenches on the beach. Then the United States invaded Iwo Jima, they quickly over took the beach. Shortly after, they quickly took over all of Iwo Jima.The Japanese soldiers knew it was over so some started committing suicide but the young baker refused to and got away trying to save his own life. He then travels all the way across the island where he meets the general, who saves his life. In returning the favor, the general asks the baker to burn all his military documents and basically gives him a chance to go back to his family while he leads one last attack. He then burns all the documents like he was told but decides to put all the letters in a bag and buries them in the dirt so someone can find them.Some years down the road they are found and that is how the story is told from the Japanese point of view. ‘Flags of our Fathers’ and ‘Letters from Iwo J ima’ both take place during World War 2 which was from 1939 to 1945 but the battle both movies focuses in on took place on February 19th, 1945. The message Flags of our Fathers is that no matter who you are you can always make a difference. All it takes is faith, consistency and hard work. The flag raising was also very patriotic and it gave many Americans hope that we had won the war and it was over.Although they failed to realize what the Americans had to go through in the war, they just saw the picture and realized everything was fine and came up with their own story on what they think happened. While in ‘Letters of Iwo Jima’ the Japanese soldiers were also very patriotic I believe. The film shows you that you should never disrespect your country regardless of what type of situation you are in. You should always fight, stand up, and have pride for your country and never take the cowards way out. In the film ‘Flags of our Fathers’, I believe there is one bias.This is that the people of America mainly just paid recognition to the three soldiers who raised the flag and seemingly forgot about everyone else fighting in the war. Yes I am well aware of that the movie focuses on that flag raising, but they even said so in the movie that people saw the picture and assumed victory and came up with their own story about it. At first while watching the movie while reading the questions I thought it was pretty obvious that the two marines and lone navy corpsmen were the heroes of the movie but later on I found out that there were no heroes.In the final scene of the movie, the son of one of the soldiers states; there is no such thing as heroes and the soldiers were uncomfortable being called heroes, since heroes are something we create and need. It is a way for us to understand what is almost incomprehensible. How people could sacrifice so much for their buddies. They may have fought for their country but they died for their friends with a man in front and a man beside them. If we wish to truly honor these men, we should remember them how they truly were.After I heard that statement he made, it really opened up my mind and made a lot of sense. I strongly believe in that statement, they were just regular guys doing what they ordered to do. Then enemy in the film is clearly Japan since there is no other option. That is the country we are fighting in the war against. Yes, I believe both countries were treated fairly and there was no misrepresentation of history. I think Japan got what was coming to them and is a perfect example of the old saying â€Å"what goes around comes back around†.Since they attacked China several times and even had the courage to attack the United States when they bombed Pearl Harbor. So it is not United State’s fault they were beaten so badly in the movie because quite frankly, they started it but could not back it up. In ‘Letters of Iwo Jima’, it is hard to determine if there are any biases and I do believe that there is not any. Also, the heroes of this movie were also hard to determine. Although, I believe there were two different heroes on the Japanese side of the battle.I think the first hero was General Kuribayashi, since he saved Saigo who was the young baker’s life three different times. The first time being when he said unpatriotic things about Japan to his friend then the Captain overheard and almost killed him before the General stopped him. The second came when the same captain tried killing him again for not obeying orders when he left Mount Suribachi and the General saved him again. Then the third time was when the General told him to stay behind and burn all the war documents and letters while he led one last attack.Obviously, the second hero I believe was Saigo since he chose to bury all the letters instead of burning them, therefore people could know what really happened on Japans side of the battle because if had not hav e buried them, nobody would have never knew. The enemy is obviously the United States since they are the ones Japan is trying to defend their country from. Japan was treated fairly but they could not match up well with the United States since they started bombing all these countries and thought they were invincible and lost their Navy Fleet, which was the main reason why they lost the battle so quickly and easily.

Blood and Oil Essay

How to explain the post-Cold War violence? Some attribute it to identity politics (xi-xii). Pace Samuel Huntington, the cause is a struggle for resources (xii). Oil as special resource: 2001 and since revelatory of the consequences of oil dependency (xiii-xv). Goal of book: â€Å"Tracing the evolution of U.S. oil policy and weighing its consequences for the future† (xvi). Ch. 1: The Dependency Dilemma: Imported Oil and National Security. Cento (1-4). Military sees it as an extension of the 1980 Carter Doctrine (5-6).Similar development elsewhere of military as â€Å"global oil-protection service† (6-7). Oil asked to U.S. economic and military strength (7-10). â€Å"Oil makes this country strong; dependency makes us weak† (11). U.S. policy has been to â€Å"securitize† oil (12).Dependency on imported oil surpassed 50%in April 1998 (13). Late 1990s policy debate (14). George W. Bush acknowledges problem but does not really counter dependency with policies (15). â€Å"Dependency is not a static condition†. (15) Forecasts of growing dependency thro ugh 2025 (17-18). Table of proven reserves (19). Reserves in volatile regions (18, 20-21). U.S. presence in these regions and the nature of the oil industry are inherently destabilizing (21-22). Competition (or demand) for oil is increasing (22-23).Result: global economic instability (23).Ineffectiveness of military strategy, which has serious unintended consequences (24-26). Ch. 2: Lethal Embrace: The American Alliance with Saudi Arabia. Importance of â€Å"U.S.-Saudi relationship† (26-27). Anxiety about oil supplies in early 1940s led to decision in favor of â€Å"substantial and orderly expansion of production in Eastern Hemisphere sources of supply, principally the Middle East† (April 1944, â€Å"Foreign Petroleum Policy of the United States†) (28-30). SOCAL creates CASOC and finds oil, 1938 (31).Recognition of importance leads Roosevelt to extend Lend-Lease to Saudi Arabia, 1943(32-33). U.S. govt. tries to set up the Petroleum Reserves Corp. to buy CASOC’sconcession, 1943 ― but resistance keeps it from being realized (34-35). A â€Å"public-private partnership† (David Painter, Oil and the American Century [1986]) characterizesU.S. Involvement in development of Persian Gulf oil (35). Roosevelt and In Saud forge alliance, Feb. 14, 1945 (35-37). U.S.commitment to defend Saudi oil fields and the Saudi government ― and other Persian Gulf oil sources ― â€Å"a major theme of cold-war history† (37-38). Iran crisis of 1946 and concern for Mideast oil: need to overcome domestic resistance to overseas commitments led to â€Å"apocalyptic terms† of the Truman Doctrine (39-41). U.S. helps create modern Saudi army and air force, 1949-early 1950s (40). Eisenhower Doctrine (Jan. 5, 1957) designed to bolster pro-American regimes in the context of Nasser’s flirtation with the Soviet Union (41-42).Vietnam War forced proxy-based Nixon Doctrine (July 1969); Saudi Arabia and Iran are proxies of choice (42-43). But it inspired domestic opposition and leads to Shah’s overthrow in 1979 (44-45). Hostage drama and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan lead to Carter Doctrine (Jan. 23, 1980): the U.S. will protect Persian Gulf oil â€Å"by any means necessary† (45-46). Creation of Central Command (46-47). Consequences of the Carter Doctrine: huge arms sales to Saudi Arabia (47-48), tilting toward Iraq in Iran-Iraq war (48-49), ousting Iraq from Kuwait (49-50). Aug. 6, 1990 Cheney-King Fahd meeting leads to Operation Desert Shield (51-52).Desert Storm (52-53). Containment of Iraq: No-fly zones, $40b in arms to Saudi Arabia (53). 9/11 attacks and Osama bin Laden’s hostility â€Å"provoked primarily by the deployment of American troops in Saudi Arabia and the continuing alliance between Washington and the Saudi royal family, â€Å"which was â€Å"a product of America’s thirst for imported oil and the monarchy’s hunger for protection† (54-55). Ch. 3: Choosing Dependency: The Energy Strategy of the Bush Administration. Bush administration’s May 17, 2001 National Energy Policy (â€Å"The Cheney report†) (Feigns commitment to energy independence (56-59). But Ch. 8reveals immensity of growing dependency on imported oil in a chart and calls on the president to â€Å"make our energy security apriority in our trade and foreign policy† (61-64). Hopes for source diversification (Latin America, Caspian Basin, and West Africa) â€Å"face high risk of supply disruptions and shutdowns† (64-66). Defense Planning Guidance of 1992 and the Project for a New American Century highlight military (67-69).George W. Bush’s Sept. 24, 1999 Citadel speech called for greater power-projection capabilities (69-70). A Feb. 3, 2001 secrets document aims at assessing military implications of the energy plan (70-71). These 30, 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review emphasizes power projection (71-72). Warn terror morphing into energy supplyprotection: â€Å"It appears that theadministration has merged its three mainforeign-policy and security policies(increased access to overseas oil, enhancedpower-projection capabilities, and intensifiedanti-terror operations) into a single, unified plan† (72-73). Ch. 4: Trapped in the Gulf: TheIrresistible Lure of Bountiful Petroleum. The Cheney report â€Å"committed the UnitedStates to perpetual dependence on PersianGulf oil† (74-78). U.S. strategy aims atraising Persian Gulf oil production â€Å"from 24.0million barrels per day in 1999 to 44.5 millionbarrels in 2020 † (79). Obstacles: economic,technological, political, and military (79-82).Strands of U.S. policy constitute a â€Å"strategyof maximum extraction† (82-84). Primaryimportance of Saudi Arabia led some toadvocate in 2002 for seizure of Saudi oilfields (84-86). Social, economic, political,and religious sources of Saudi instability (86-89). U.S. approach is to strengthen Saudiroyal family and encourage reform (89-90).Iraq war as a way of being able to withdrawU.S. troops from Saudi Arabia (90).Palestinian statehood also backed for thisreason (91). Likewise. calls for reform andfighting terrorism in Saudi Arabia (91-93).Overthrow of Saddam Hussein needed bothto foster Gulf stability and to boost Iraqiproduction (94-105). Iran’s policies are inopposition to U.S. plans in the Persian Gulf,and sanctions are an inadequate weaponbecause they impede development of petroleum resources (105-07). Iran also hasthe power to disrupt energy supplies byblocking the Strait of Hormuz (107-08). Forthe time being the â€Å"dual-track policy† of Zalmay Khalilzad, consisting of denouncingIran’s government while encouragingopponents of the regime is being followed,but more aggressive policies are beingconsidered (108-10). Gulf problems willcontinue to require U.S. troops: â€Å"No matterhow costly the effort grows, we cannotremove our forces from the Gulf as long aswe remain committed to a strategy of maximum petroleum extraction. To meetanticipated U.S. energy demand in the yearsahead while also slaking the thirst of otheroil-importing nations, the Gulf producersmust . . . boost their combined oil output by85 percent between now and 2020, andthese supplies must safely reach theirmarkets† (111-12). Ch. 5: No Safe Havens: Oil and Conflictbeyond the Persian Gulf.

Matthew Shepard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matthew Shepard - Essay Example This paper examines the murder of Matthew Shepard with respect to the circumstances leading to his death and his legacy. Alongside his younger brother, Shepard led a normal childhood attending school in Wyoming since his freshman to junior years. Shepard completed his education at The American School, Switzerland after his parents moved to the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran owing to his father's work. His experience abroad largely influenced his desire to travel, which led to an unfortunate incident during a school tour to Morocco where he was beaten and raped. This ordeal triggered a bout of depression and panic attacks that are attributed to his involvement with drugs during college. Shepard attended college in Casper, Wyoming to major in political science where his interest in politics sought him a position as a student representative at the Wyoming Environmental Council. Friends and family described Shepard as an overly optimistic individual looking forward to new chall enges. In addition, he held great passion for equality and acceptance as demonstrated in his roles at the community theatre and thus, was very approachable (â€Å"Matthew’s Story†). The tragic events that transpired shortly after midnight on October 7, 1998 followed the conclusion of a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Association (LGBTA). The organization comprised mostly of university students, but welcomed the indulgence of staff members as well as the townspeople. In spite of a low attendance during its meetings, the association’s email list was illustrated as a long one. The meeting on the night of October 6 was meant to organize last-minute details of the Gay Awareness Week slated for the following week. The association’s chair, Jim Osborn, had been attacked before the meeting where he described the events to fellow members and asked them to be vigilant. LGBTA traditions involve late night coffee breaks before adjournment. Shepard visited a lo cal bar where he was approached by Aaron McKinney and Russell Henderson who offered him a ride home. However, events took a dramatic turn after the two drove to a rural area and proceeded to rob, bind Shepard to a fence, and whip him with the butt of .357 Magnum in their possession. He suffered had severe brainstem damages, fractures on his head, and numerous lacerations on his face and neck. The combination of these injuries incapacitated his body’s ability to control the heart rate, temperature among other vital functions. Shepard was discovered over 12 hours later by cyclist who perceived his bound composure and comatose state as a scarecrow (Thernstrom). Found in a near death state, doctors described his condition as too severe to risk an operation and as such, Shepard was placed on life support. Meanwhile, the brutal attack attracted the attention of local, national, and later international media shaping the calls for legislations to include the sexual minorities to the list of protected individuals by the law. Shepard was pronounced dead about a week later with his family by his side at the hospital. All the while, Laramie authorities investigating the heinous crime sought to retrace the last events of Shepard’s life McKinney and Henderson were arrest after they were found in possession of Shepard’

What are the pros and cons of the new military retirement system Research Paper

What are the pros and cons of the new military retirement system - Research Paper Example Retirement from services is the common end to all professions, whether in financial services, educational services, government jobs, or jobs in the defense sector. However, the provisions and procedure of retirement varies from sector to sector and across time periods. The retirement policies followed in the military system, too, has varied greatly with the passage of time. There are large differences between the retirement policies followed by the military in earlier times and the ones practiced in the 20th century. The greatest attraction of a strenuous military career has always been the benefits and incentives offered on retirement. Since the earlier periods, through the World War II era to the current times, dialogues have been exchanged on the subject of reform of the military retirement schemes. The primary focus of all these meetings and discussions was to reduce the government expenditure on the military system, by reducing the monetary compensation paid to the retirees. How ever, it is interesting to observe â€Å"that of the dozens of study groups, commissions, committees, boards, task forces, and the like that have recommended making major structural cuts, only one such has been enacted into law, in 1986 -- and that was essentially repealed (i.e., its cuts made voluntary) in 1999, seven years before it would become effective†. ... The retirement allowance of the active military personell is based on the longevity of their services. Usually, after 20 years of services a person is allowed to retire and enjoy pensions and benefits. The retirement decision of the disabled retirees, on the other hand, may depend on the longevity of service or the degree of disability suffered. The monthly annuity of retirees is calculated on the basis of Cost-Of-Living-Allowances (COLA), which ensures that their income is guaranteed against inflationary trends. These monetary benefits are accompanied by some non-monetary benefits â€Å"which include exchange and commissary privileges, medical care through TRICARE, and access to Morale, Welfare and Recreation facilities and programs† (Henning, 2008) The old discussions on the reformation of these provisions have continued in recent times as well and their objectives have remained much the same, i.e. a reduction in government expenditure. This paper will, now, study in detail the advantages and disadvantages of the current military retirement system. Advantages of the new Military Retirement System: Monetary Benefits: The present system of military retirement is divided into three categories of compensation. They can be described as follows. For the people who have entered the services before 8th September, 1980, the monthly annuity will be calculated over the basic pay. This is referred to as the System 1. For the people who have entered the services during the period of 8th September, 1980 to 31st July, 1986, the monthly income will be the average of the highest income in three years. This system is called System 2 or High 3. Lastly, those who entered the services on or after the date of 1st August, 1986, have the right to choose between the High-3 system and the

Contract and Tort Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contract and Tort - Case Study Example The court recognized the right only when there is a remedy on the principle Ubi remedium ibi jus, which means where there is remedy there is right. One had to search for the proper remedy that suits his right then only he could succeed. If there was no remedy there was no right and there is no case. By passage of time the complicated litigations coming before the courts necessitated to change the concept of law. Accordingly the concept of law was changed as Ubi jus ibi remedium, which means where there is right there is remedy. This concept enable the courts to see that if there is a right existing then it will decide what is the remedy. Right of the litigant is given prominence over the remedies to protect the rights effectively. Under the new concept the courts have provided a remedy whenever there has been unjustifiable interference with the rights of a person. When the law of contract is read strictly, we find the rights are restricted to its terms and conditions. The law recognizes the rights that are specifically created by a contract and ignores if that right is not covered in the terms of contract. And such rights created by the contract are limited to only the parties to the contract, a third party do not derive any right against any of the parties to the contract even though the loss is caused to him due to the negligence. It provides relief to the parties to the contact only, that too it is limited to the extent of monitory or economic loss. The law of contract see whether there is any breach of contract by either of the parties to the contract but non else. The remedies in law of contract are strictly connected with the terms and conditions of the contract entered into by the parties. Once all the terms and condition of the contract are fulfilled no cause of action arises to either parties, even though any inconvenience caused due to unjustifiable interference by the other party with in the terms and conditions. But the law says that no person can interfere unjustifiably with the rights of the other person. If that happens the court provides remedy not under the law of contract but under the law of tort. This is how the tort overcomes the restriction involved in strict reading of the law of contract. The law fills up the gap in the law of contract mostly in cases of negligence of one of parties to the contract due to which the other part causes mental agony or physical or mental loss in addition to the economic loss. Some time the party who is not a party to the contract too subjects to the mental agony or physical loss due to the negligence act of the any other parson. In certain situations the courts cannot find any remedy in the law of contract, but the law of tort fills up this gap and provides the remedy. Contract and Tort inter relationship[9]: Contract and Tort have interrelationship as far as the remedies are concerned. Plaintiffs are at a liberty to choose the remedy either in law of contract or in Tort. The law of contract is specific and remedies under contract are time consuming and costly when compared to the Tort. As discussed above sometimes remedy cannot be found in contact in such conditions the remedy lies in the Tort. Where a dispute consists of ingredients of both contract and Tort as well then the plaintiff is at a liberty to choose the action either under contract or under Tort. It means that mere existence of all the ingredients of Contract do

Cigarettes and Smokers Regarding The Economy Essay

Cigarettes and Smokers Regarding The Economy - Essay Example Cigarettes taxes are most effective in reducing consumption of the young population or more precisely children and teenagers who get pocket money and are not financially independent (Chaloupka). People who try cigarettes for thrill will be put off greatly by a significant amount of sales tax. But for hard-core consumers of cigarettes, quitting is not easy at all as they experience withdrawal symptoms if they try to quit. They will be willing to forgo their consumption of other products but cigarette. Foregoing the consumption of other products does not curb the need for them. Therefore, hard-core smokers tend to resort to shop lifting because after spending on cigarettes they are left with very less money. The sellers of other products will incur losses because hardcore smokers are willing to sacrifice products like biscuits, sweets, chocolates or magazines for cigarettes. Sometimes when the government announces a rise in sales tax on cigarettes, it takes time for the tax to come int o effect. In the mean while smokers buy cigarettes in bulk so that they do not have to pay the higher price for a packet of cigarettes. So this bulk buying should be taken into account before the government imposes sales tax. Some economists are of the view that a sales tax on cigarette will be more effective in the long run than in the short run because smokers readily adjust to price in the short run. If the price is permanently increased from let’s say $2.5 to $5.0 for a packet of cigarettes then the long run impact will be double the short run one and a lot of people will be able to overcome the habit altogether. Imposing a sales tax on cigarettes is just not enough. The revenue generated from sales tax should be invested in Health Programs dedicated to discouraging smoking. Also filtered cigarettes should be taxed less than the unfiltered ones. However the difference in the tax rates for the two should not be very large. Besides this taxation policy, there should be a ban on cigarette advertising and it should be made mandatory that the hazards of smoking be mentioned on a packet of cigarettes. With no advertising, the attractive packaging also lures consumers. The government should come up with a generic packaging design that is less appealing to consumers. It should be obligatory on retailers to sell cigarettes to people who have attained the age of majority (18 years old). Government sponsored campus drives at different schools and universities should be held in which lectures on negative effects of smoking should be conducted. Student volunteers can also be hired by the government to spr ead awareness. There should be tariffs imposed on the cheap cigarettes imported from other countries. Sales taxation alone cannot deter consumers from smoking. Like other economic policies, taxation should be carried out with above mentioned measures to ensure good health of all.

Combining Nurse Leader With Advocacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Combining Nurse Leader With Advocacy - Essay Example Moreover, the nursing environment holds me accountable for all nursing actions and outcomes thus motivating me to set high expectations and seek positive patient results. I have high expectations for my performance and practice. I possess great leadership and communication skills that allow me to help others in resolving disputes and dilemmas in this field. I also follow the ethical guidelines adopted in the practice. However, I have a weakness since I am not a member of a professional nursing organization thus missing a chance for professional development. I am a poor time manager and always talk frankly without considering other people’s views. With respect to career planning, I manifest competent experience in understanding the job description and requirements of nurse managers. I have been providing nursing care to patients and became a role model to other nurses. As such, I have taught some nurse practitioners, offered career advised, and addressed various nursing issues. My pursuit of further education in this field prepares me for a success professional career in the future. I have fundamental technical knowledge in nursing and possess teamwork and communication skills that prepare me for a bright career. My personal characteristics like robustness, ethical behavior, and ability to perform under immense pressure guides my career. However, I have a weakness in low work experience and poor job-hunting skills that may jeopardize my quest to practice nursing in the future. On personal journey disciplines, I manifest expert practice that helps me to develop my capacity as a leader. I have immense knowledge and leadership skills to manage nursing teams that enhance shared leadership in nursing practice. In addition, I manifest strength in solving problems and reflecting on personal decisions that relate to my practice. As such, I use techniques of â€Å"action learning† to influence my nurse teams in making decisions and solving disputes thus

To what extent is musical taste governed by society Essay

To what extent is musical taste governed by society - Essay Example Through historical study of music, it is clear that music was thought as endanger to societal moral standards of Europe. However later it was realised that music also upholds a religious dimension and quality music has the ability to provoke suppressed religious feelings (McLeod, 1996, p. 17).In this paper, we would analyse music as a magnum opus in the context of historical, cultural and educational significance. How its evolution as an art, closely connected with various trends of our Western civilization Music in different stages has not only permitted but has enforced the application of the so-called 'historical method' which aims at describing the single work of art as a product of the creative mind of a composer or the creative tendencies of a school of composers who remain anonymous.History has reshaped internationally the outlook of music in this era and to many musicians it has harmonised the study and performance of music, therefore distinctive styles are disappearing. The past has also given us a unique concept of national identity that concerns not only the ways in which composers wrote their music, influenced by considerations such as tradition, function, social context and even language, but also its performance. Music has not limited itself to extending aspects of instrument construction and sound ideal. While considering an example of seventeenth century music in Italy, it is obvious that representation and excitation of the emotions fostered were quite contrary to earlier practice, involving emotional expression on the model of speech. Although the Italian language's free expression resulted in the music taking second place to the drama in opera, the unimaginative Italian style of presentation encouraged a trend towards virtuosity in instrumental music. With the passage of time, as Italian music adopted more formal manner of expression, its manner of presentation remained capricious and rich in fantasy (Lawson & Stowell, 1999, p. 43). This way one can see Italian music maintained its national identity, while modernising the social values of music. Music rhetoric Relationships that exist between different musical works enjoy composition among those parts. For example a theme is composed of tones and phrases; a work entails certain themes and is a discourse, of phrases (Frances & Dowling, 1988, p. 134). Since themes and work present as an approximate character of such relationships that has often been noted and attributed to a variety of reasons. First the reason that thought is external to language and that verbal thought can only designate objects and their relations while musical thought embodies its objects in tones on which it strictly depends. Second is the reason that verbal relationships, the ordering of propositions and the succession of phrases are of a logical order, whereas musical 'discourse' is of a perceptual order. What our contemporary society perceives music is the encompassing of activities implied in the comprehension of musical rhetoric to be connected with those of sensory intelligence. It is music that has enabled twentieth century psychology to contribute to the expansion of the domain of thought in the direction of perceptual organisation. For instance, thinking of 'events' and relate them to the source of elaborate activities is what music is perceived in this society however in those activities one can found biological factors of motivation, psychological activities, pathological aspects etc. Music, art and society Society has always attached great symbolic meanings and sentiments to music.

Innovation in Cipla Essay Example for Free

Innovation in Cipla Essay

Job Design Model Analysis

Job Design Model Analysis Topic 2 Business process and job re-design Collaborative space Curtin University has embarked on a BPR program called EQUIP. What is the primary objective of the program? The primary objective for the EQUIP program been put into place at Curtin University is to enable Curtin to streamline/improve business processes in administration, support services, clarify responsibility among faculties and to seek out ways to make better use of current and future technologies. For example, Curtin, every semester has a high intake of new students so administration will be under intense pressure to process applications and get student timetable sorted out in a timely manner. With EQUIP being put into place Curtin can propose implementing better automation software, which in turn highlights one of Curtin strategic plan to be a responsive and innovative organisation. Describe the job design model. In EQUIP the job design model will greatly impact the staffing at Curtin as faculties reporting lines will change drastically, which may decrease paperwork or getting approval from multiple sources. All student service staff from July will be forced to join a transitional pool meaning that staff will be eligible to apply from new vacant Teaching Support Coordinator and teaching support staff position. This may require staff to get re-trained in these new job roles or Curtin have found a way to regulate the amount of staffing they have in the Student Service faculty. New proposed positions will be readily available for Curtin staff members at all level of employment allowing the staff to be focused on specialising in their roles. Senior leadership roles may not be filled by current Curtin Staff in which case Curtin will look from external applicants. What implementation issues will the University need to manage? The implementation of EQUIP in Curtin will greatly impact the staff as it will affect 600 to 700 staff members. The Curtin Hierarchy must work closely with faculty managers and supervisors to give staffing clear instruction to save mass confusion on how their roles will be affected. Another implementation issue will be how staff training will be provided for the enormous number of staff be relocated and be put into new job roles which may differ from their current role which they occupy. Staffing in research administration, HR and finance must be aware of the new reporting lines and processes. How will the University know if it has done a good job or otherwise? Curtin will know they have done a good job by conducting staff survey in each affected faculty. Another way of seeing if the implementation has been affected is by considering staff complaints in regards to the implementation. Thirdly another way to compare if the EQUIP implementation compare historical data on involuntary redundancies and staffing requests to new roles. What are the ethical issues of using internal consultants? (refer to the six values of the ACS Code of Ethics) Public interest will be put at risk as internal consultants might have formed strong bonds will departments or have family working for Curtin so the personal interest will be placed above public interests, resulting in unfair decisions been made effectively. This sort of judgement issues will lead to Curtin staff not seeing the consultant as a professional staff member who can perform their job with competency. Ethical morals will get distorted as good principles, values and beliefs wont be at the forefront of decision making. Social ethics can change drastically as the consultants deals with certain departments it may not like on a personal level ruling in unfairness against them. For example HR was slow in processing the consultants annual leave so the consultants may deal with that department in a fair manner. Refer to the article Trading places brick by brick provided in class. What changes in business process would Hadrian force? Hadrian would revolutionise the business processes of the brick trading business as this machine would set over a medium to long term new standard on how fast and efficient the brick layering industry will be. A good return on investment will enlighten the invests as the robots helping hand in decreasing production cost will be outweighed by initial set up. Construction companies can potentially save more money brick for brick with robots as they natural hold leverage over the brickies who are over charging due to shortages in various parts of Australia. Hadrians introduction into the construction industry will force the workforce to become more technology savvy which will require specialised training/certifications. This might indicate the older generation of the workforce might have to change career. This automation movement will just be like the one the automotive industry has experienced. Human interaction has become very limited in this industry as only electricians and machine operaters are the only human element of the automotive left in contact with the cars. Robots have provided the automotive industry with the means to achieve high throughputs with the least amount of spending. Definite deductions in scheduling and cost will encourage more buying customers to buy land to build houses as Hadrian would drive down housing cost. A normal business processes in the construction industry having a lot off cover insurance on workers to cover the company which can cost a lot of money but with Hadrian that process become less and less important as the human element of building houses will be eliminated. Hadrian would slowly phase out the older workforce leaving the industry reaping the benefits of a younger workforce, as retirement packages and pensions costs will be lowed. The whole industry will experience a decrease in pension/retirement payouts and health care costs because of lower aging work force and lack of retirees. How would jobs be redesigned? Jobs can be redesign in the fact that tradies wont be obsolete; trades men will still be needed to do the task like window, insulation installations, electrics and joinery in housing projects. It will be an environment where machines and humans can work in sync with one another. Another way jobs can be redesigned is tradies can become trained certified specialists in programming, operating and troubleshooting the machine. For example, job roles like configuration analyst or control engineer will be available in the brickie industry as jobs. Old workforce will be phased out as they would cost more to retrain then training a post graduate TAFE student getting trained in the field, making jobs for the younger generation easier to come by. Brickies would have to reinvest them self as window fitter or be qualified on mechanic to be able to work with Hadrian. Once Hadrian hits commercial usage and become industry standard, the industry will become 85% machine 15% human making jobs harder and harder to come by within the industry.

Systems Engineering: RTV Silicone Sealant Application System

Systems Engineering: RTV Silicone Sealant Application System Abstract As technology advances seemingly exponentially in the 21st century, the need for more and more complex systems grows too. Continuous improvement is key to a successful, growing business. This envelops everything within the organisation and engineered systems are no exception. Complex engineered systems require a level of control, this control is important for producing quality products and services. Considering advancing technology and continuous improvement, organisations need to explore ways in which the performance of engineered systems can be maximised. Multi-agent systems (MAS) are a relatively new theory which is put into practice when monolithic systems cannot solve the problem, so as systems become more and more complex, the need for MAS increase. Glossary of Terms FTT defined as the percentage of engines that pass a process first time. JPH the number of engines which pass through a process per hour. RTV room temperature vulcanisation silicone sealant. MAS Multi-agent systems 1. Introduction At the Engine Manufacturing Centre (EMC), Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) manufacture and assemble diesel and petrol engines. The author is a process engineer within the diesel assembly hall, whose main job role is to improve any assembly processes that negatively impact first time through (FTT) or jobs per hour (JPH). Currently, the issue that is causing the largest impact on said deliverables is the automatic application of RTV silicone sealant to the engine block to form a seal with the rear cover (Figure 1, below). This automated process has an average FTT of 61% and a value of 59 JPH over the past thirty days.ÂÂ   The target JPH value across the entire diesel assembly line is 68, which means this process is causing an average deficit of nine engines per hour causing considerable damage towards achieving production targets. The process itself is performed by two autonomous robots whereby one robot applies the sealant and the other robot holds the engine and moves it along a specified path. There are two HMIs present, one to program each robot. The robot holding the engine can be programmed with its position, its movement within the six degrees of freedom and its velocity. Whereas the only programmable functions are the start, end and speed and feed of the sealant. 2. Systems Engineering Life Cycle Stages The role of systems engineering is to ensure the success of a system, judged by how well its requirements and development objectives are met, its operation in the field and the length of its useful operating life. Systems engineering aims to establish a technical approach that will aid the operational maintenance and the eventual upgrading of the system. A system life cycle is a term used to encapsulate the evolution of a new system, where it begins with a concept and grows through development into production, operation and lastly, destruction. 2.1 Concept Development Where there is a desire for a new system, the concept development stage contains the planning and analysis required to affirm the need, the feasibility and the architecture for the new system to best satisfy the needs of the user. There are four main objectives of the concept development stage: Decide whether there is a market and need for a technically and economically feasible system. Design and confirm the system requirements after exploring different system concepts (see figure 3 below). This stage converts the system which has been derived from the needs analysis, into an engineering oriented view for the concept definition and development. When looking at performance requirements it is important to identify the major functions needed to complete the actions needed. In the case of this example, its functional elements should include, power robot, control movement, control speed, and apply RTV. To aid with this activity a systems engineer would use a function category versus functional media diagram (figure 4). Concept selection, agree on its characteristics and plan for the forthcoming stages of engineering, production and operation of the system. It answers the question what are the key characteristics of a system concept that would achieve the most beneficial balance between capability, operational life, and cost?[1]. Develop and validate any technological developments required by the new system. 2.2 Engineering Development Figure 4 (below) shows three stages of engineering development. Firstly, the advanced development stage incorporates two important purposes. One being the identification and reduction of risks, the second being the development of system specifications. Secondly, the engineering design phase is considerably more detailed than any stages preceding it. Usually, this stage offers an opportunity for potential customers to get an early look at the product, who can, in turn, provide valuable feedback to the developers. Lastly, the integration and evaluation phase is where the new system is installed and subsequently checked to ensure that it meets customer requirements. 2.3 Post Development Within the post-development phase there are two sub-phases; the production phase and the operations and support phase. The system is now being produced, for example, for a manufacturing environment. Occasionally there are unexpected issues that arise within the production of the system which requires a systems engineer to solve to prevent disruptions in the production schedule. Once the system is live, system support is critical. Maintenance personnel should be sufficient until more complex problems arise, where they need to call on the experience of systems engineers. 3. Function Block Diagram 4. Control Architecture 4.1 Centralised Control The centralised control system architecture has one component designated as the controller which is responsible for managing the execution of other components. The term architecture is used to suggest a focus on the relationship between the major structural elements in a system. This architecture falls into two classes depending on the execution of the controlled components, either sequentially or in parallel. These are the call-return model, only applicable in sequential systems, and the manager model, used in concurrent systems [3]. The main reasons to use centralised control architecture is that it is simple to conceive and due to its omniscience it can make optimal decisions which take all factors into account. However this architecture does have drawbacks, most notably the expense in which is required to create the control architecture, the control algorithm needs to be very complex. Furthermore, the degradation of any signal path can cripple the function of the entire system, so they can be fragile. 4.2 Hierarchical Control Organised in a hierarchical tree, this control system decomposes the problem and allocates it to separate controllers which take control of a subset of the system functions. This can exist over a number of levels, meaning each function could be controlled individually. Optimal control is still possible within a hierarchical architecture as there is always a path to a top-level node; however, not all information can travel through every path. Commonly some filtering of data occurs between levels. In contrast to centralised control, the control algorithm is much simpler due to decomposition. This means the time and cost of implementation are much lower. Between the different branches of the structure, there is a degree of independence, reducing the effect of system degradation. However, there is usually delay in the processing of each algorithm and in the feedback loop. 4.3 Heterarchical Control Heterarchical control architecture is more robust than hierarchical control and is very flexible and extensible. Additional system functions, such as manufacturing processes and equipment, can be added with almost no added system control cost. However, heterarchical architecture lacks centralised visibility of the system as a whole which means planning can be sub-optimal; this control system is sometimes referred to as being short sighted. Though this does mean that short-term decision making is very good. [4] 4.4 RTV Robot Cell Control System Centralised control is not suitable for the RTV robot cell system. The reason for this being the fact that it is too expensive to create and change. Additionally, the fault tolerance of the control system must be taken into account. A manufacturing line with such high demand for machine availability must not be crippled by the loss of just one signal. The most suitable and, as it happens, the current control system architecture for this system would be hierarchical. The main downside to this architecture is its response time when there are lots and lots of levels. However, its strengths are combines the strengths of the other two control architectures discussed, albeit slightly diluted. Heterarchical control has strengths that would be fantastic for an automated cell in a manufacturing environment, but its weaknesses deem it unacceptable. If one could combine hierarchical and heterarchical architectures and take away the myopic nature of heterarchy, it could be a system which improves how automated cells are controlled. 5. Multi-Agent Systems A multi-agent system is a system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. For problems that are too difficult or even impossible for an individual agent to solve, multi-agent systems can be used. Commonly thought of as being computerised, the agents within a multi-agent system could also be robots, humans, human teams or a combination of humans and robots. There are three different types of agents: Passive agents, agents without goals. Active agents, agents with simple goals. Cognitive agents, agents containing complex calculations. Agents can also be reactive or deliberative, this can be represented by the BDI model (figure 6- below). BDI stands for Belief, Desire, Intention where belief is knowledge of the environment, desire is the need to satisfy an objective and intention is the ability to command action(s). Deliberative agents extend the BDI model to include a symbolic model of the external environment- including data and relationships, memory, the ability to plan and the ability to choose between alternative actions. One could make a case to incorporate multi-agent systems within an automated robot cell at the present time. There is a need for configurability, for example, when a new derivative of engine is introduced and the robot has to be programmed to function differently. The system will need robustness, so if one agent is lost it does not compromise the whole system. However using a hierarchical architecture provides a sufficient degree of configurability and robustness with less cost and complexity. Multi-agent systems provide dynamic task allocation rather than pre-planned schedules, for an automated robot cell this is not needed, automation needs efficiency in static conditions [5]. 6. Conclusion The automated RTV application robot cell is currently in the operational phase of the system lifecycle, it is in need of improvement however it is not the system that needs improving. The system works as it is meant to, however, it is the incorrect system that is in place which is causing the problems. As automotive technology moves towards electrification and autonomous behaviour there will be a need to include more and more multi-agent systems within the vehicles themselves but also within manufacturing systems. There will be a need for greater flexibility, adaptability, reconfigurability and collaboration.ÂÂ   Unfortunately, incorporating a multi-agent system in this instance would not have a positive impact on this system. 7. References [1] Kossiakoff, Sweet, Seymour, Biemer. (2011). System Life Cycle. In: Sage, A. Systems Engineering Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. 77. [2] Lecture provided PowerPoint slides. [3] Ian Sommerville. (2008). Centralized Control. Available: https://ifs.host.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Books/SE9/Web/Architecture/ArchPatterns/CentralControl.html. Last accessed 14/02/17. [4] J.M. van de Mortel-Fronczak and J.E. Rooda. (1997). Heterarchical Control Systems for Production Cells. . 1 (1), 213-217. [5] Various. (). Multi-agent system. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system. Last accessed 20/02/17.

Lewis is portrayed as a nice character but maybe a bit nervous as he :: Free Essay Writer

Lewis is portrayed as a nice character but maybe a bit nervous as he did wish Morse a Happy Christmas even though Morse has been quite horrible. Morse's Greatest Mystery The first impression the reader gets of Morse is that he can appear rather moody. â€Å"Morse banged down the receiver and sat silent† This suggest Morse is fed up with the bank because they are not telling him things .He slams down the receiver which shows he I taking his anger out on other things and he sits in silence maybe to reflect over his thoughts. Clearly, he is very angry and that is why Lewis acts nervously around him because he does not want the blame taken out on him. Morse can be portrayed as aggressive. â€Å" . . . . . . These bloody bank charges † This shows Morse using aggressive language to cope with bad news. People use bad language as another form of an expression of anger or frustration. Morse appears quite angry about his bank accounts so maybe he has been in debt before and something bad has happened. As readers, we get the impression that he is violent and angry which makes him quite a vicious character. Morse appears a bit of a loner. â€Å". . . . . . Morse’s North Oxford flat† This suggests Morse lives on his own in his own flat and through out the passage it never mentions a wife or partner. It seems Morse does not have much of a social life, which is unusual, as this time of the year is usually spent celebrating. Clearly, he is too wrapped up in his work to have a social life. We understand from this story the person he spends most of his time with is Lewis .So that explains why towards the end of the passage they wish each other Happy Christmas even though Morse is not very inclined to show his feelings as he just whispers it back. A different aspect of Morse that we pick up from this story is he can be kind â€Å". . . . Its about the  £400 you withdrew† So this extract shows Morse actually took the  £400 that had been stolen out of his own bank account to give to the hospital. But put it in an anonymous envelope and sent it to Lewis. Morse can be a nicer person and will go to his own expense to help other people. Maybe he did it because he wanted the children at Littlemore to have a good Christmas and a good life because he does not enjoy his.

John Napier :: essays research papers

John Napier-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Napier was born in Merchiston Tower in Scotland, 1550. He was known as the â€Å"Marvelous Merchiston†, a title received for his genius and imaginative vision in a number of fields. Napier studied briefly at St. Andrews University beginning at the age of 13. On his marriage in 1572, he was provided with an estate by his father, Sir Archibald Napier of Mechiston. He passed the remainder of his life as a land proprietor, devoting his free time to mathematics, invention, and theology. Napier died at Merchiston castle on April 14, 1617.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beginning in about 1594, Napier worked for 20 years in developing ideas on logarithms and tables of logarithms. During this period he elaborated his systems whereby products, quotients, and roots could quickly be determined from his tables, which showed powers of 10 with a fixed number used as a base.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napier’s system relied on the fact that all numbers can be expressed in exponential form. For instance, in a base 2 system, 4 can be written as 2 and 8 can be written as 2 , while 5, 6, and 7 can be written using some fractional exponent between 2 and 3. Once numbers were written in this exponential form, multiplication could be done basically by adding the exponents, and division could be done by subtracting the exponents. This considerably simplified computations such as trigonometric calculations used in astronomy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napier finally published his tables of logarithms in 1614 in his â€Å"Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio† (A description of the marvelous rule of logarithms) which also told the steps which had led to their invention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1615 the English mathematician Henry Briggs talked with Napier, and together they developed the rules of Common logarithms, using 10 as a base. Briggs published his tables of Common logarithms in 1617.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napier’s second published work on logarithms, the â€Å"Mirifici Logarithmorum

Need for speed Essay

The desire to innovate and to improve is one of the most precious human feelings because it is this very same desire that has paved the road to progress in society. At the outset, the first trains were useful but not efficient enough that people could ride on them: only goods and commodities could be transported. One of the reasons why is because safety and comfort weren’t a top priority for the railroad owner; he or she just wanted to maximize his or her profit. Then, James Watt and his steam engine came about and rocked the world into the Industrial Revolution, a time when railroads were constantly being built all over Europe. Cities grew, economies boomed and busted, and economies and cultures became intertwined so that a small business man who lives in Lille, France or Barcelona, Spain had to travel to Ukraine or Italy for a business deal as quickly as possible (as quickly as possible since now, as opposed to the relaxed and laid back past, time is money). So engineers were needed to devise a train that could travel at very fast speeds while keeping energy consumption as low as possible. The Japanese started the race for faster high speed trains with their â€Å"bullet trains†, the French countered with the TGV, and many other companies came out with their own high speed trains: Acela, Eurostar, and the Shinkansen, among others [3]. The increase in competition benefitted the consumer, the individual needing to get across the continent because now he or she had a choice between different trains, each known for a specific accommodation. For example, TGV was an electric train so the energy consumption of the trains is very low. However, it is little noisier than other lines so the trade off is subjective to the person’s taste. Eventually, all the train lines would try to balance energy consumption, safety, speed, and comfort in order to provide the smoothest trip they could possibly offer. [4] In essence, aerodynamics is the interaction of air on an object [7]. In the case of high speed trains, the aerodynamics of the train depends on many factors: â€Å"aerodynamic drag, pressure variations inside train, train-induced i ¬ow, cross-wind effects, ground effects, pressure waves inside tunnel, impulse waves at the exit of tunnel, noise and vibration†. [8] Ultimately, finding solutions to these problems will result in a faster and smoother train ride, so it becomes imperative to identify the factors that affect each of these so one can manipulate them, if possible, to one’s needs. However, having so many factors that affect the aerodynamics of a train, one can truly begin to see how complex this problem is for engineers since every change made to the train or the tracks could cost the companies owning them a huge amount of money for even the smallest of changes. Specifically, the invention of the high speed train has revolutionized long distance ground transportation since it has provided people with a much faster way to travel, sometimes cutting a seven hour long trip to three hours! However, to reduce such a trip so significantly, the path from city to city (in this place Boston to Washington D. C. ) must be as direct as possible [2]. This means that in some cases a tunnel must be built through a mountain to allow for a high speed train to pass through the mountain and get to its destination as quickly as possible. In terms of high speed trains, there are many different types, each with its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the world renown TGV It has huge advantage in that it can use the same railroad lines as local trains so the cost of making railroad tracks is reduced. However, one of the disadvantages is that using these same train tracks, just the mere fact that the TGV uses the same tracks as local trains means that the TGV limits the size and specifications of local trains because the wake of the TGV causes a wind tunnel that affects the trains behind it. [1] [2] In terms of what the future has in store, trains haven’t even started to reach their limit. From regular train to the high speed train, the speed was increased. The TGV is an obvious example of this transition given that it broke the record for the fasted train, maxing out at 357 mph. The next step is along the lines of the Japanese Maglev; taking friction out of the equation, the Maglev has the ability to greatly reduce the drag and the vibration in the train, thus making the train that much faster. In the foreseeable future, there is a concept that would take the Maglev above and beyond its achievements so far: an â€Å"evacuated tube† is a massive vacuum in a tube stretching for miles and miles. Interestingly, if this method is designed and works, it may potentially reap the benefits since the beginning. This occurs because air drag takes such a significant amount of energy out of the system (the system being defined as the train) that minimizing it to a negligible level could immediately save millions upon millions of dollars [8] [9]. On the other hand, there are changes that have been made to the train itself rather than to the environment surrounding it. The Japanese Hayabusa’s nose is angled and sleek so it can eliminate tunnel boom, the sound of a train leaving a tunnel. Tunnel boom is caused by a fast train pressurizing the air in front of it as it goes through a tunnel until it comes out of the tunnel with the pressurized air and makes a very loud sound. Trains in the past had a smaller tunnel boom that occurred right before the train left the tunnel (the sound of a train coming from inside a tunnel); however, now that the trains are that much faster, they catch up to the pressurized air and come out together, creating constructive interference, to make a bigger sound [5]. Furthermore, the French Alstrom developed an upgraded TGV called the AGV. What was interesting about how the French upgraded the TGV is that they took the power system of the TGV and completely transformed it; now it has the capacity of generating higher speeds at a fraction of the original TGV energy consumption. Don’t forget that the TGV was designed as an electric train, so to have a power system that can do more with less energy is a huge advancement! [5] In conclusion, the fact remains that the fast paced society of today has geared people to want to do everything more quickly. Following this train of thought, it makes sense that high speed trains are the future in transportation. Throughout history, people have shown a want, a need for speed. Works Cited [1] Fox News. Associated Press. http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,263542,00.html (accessed July 15th, 2012) [2] Plumer, Brad. The Washington Post. http://www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/amtraks-151-billion-high-speed-rail-plan-are-there-cheaper-options/ (accessed July 15th, 2012) [3] European Railway Server. TGVweb. http://www. trainweb. org/tgvpages/history. html(accessed July 17th, 2012) [4] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-maglev-trains. html [5] Railway-Technology. com. On Track. http://www. railway-technology. com/features/feature117829/(accessed July 15th, 2012). [6] James, Randy. Time U. S. http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1892463,00. html (accessed July 16th, 2012) [7] Bopp, Rudolf; Hagenah, Bernd. Gruner. http://www. gruner-gmbh. at/aktuelles_gmbh_at/pdf_pool/D_HAB_Porto. pdf [8] Raghunathan, Raghu S. ; Setoguchi, T. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train http://ompldr. org/vMXlsOA/Aerodynamics_HSR02. pdf [9] Hoffman, Carl. Popsci: Trans-Atlantic Maglev. http://www. popsci. com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev.

Doctoral Program in Organizational Management Essay

I believe that education and educating is a never ending knowledge sharing process. Every moment is a moment of truth to gain experience. I have had the opportunity of learning many key aspects of management in my graduation. My passion towards gaining expertise in organizational management and leadership increased in my previous academics. To learn indepth with more focus on my core areas of interest, I prefer to be with the industry and academic experts of well known institutions, who not only cement my concepts but open these theoretical ideas in practical means of implementation Organizational management is an unique area of academics and management field where we need to educate upon the practical experience of many business cases in real life. A doctoral program will open up many wakes of dimensions which otherwise cannot be shared. The doctoral program will provide me with time, space and expertise to explore the intricacies in drawing the excellence in the field. Using these resources I would like to investigate acceptable scholarly methodology to address applied and practical problems. My future Scholarly endeavors would address needs identified by problematic conditions in the field; and conversely, would be guided to research-based best practices. University of Phoenix is a pioneer in management education imparting competence among the management students before real time work experience in business environment. Thus Phoenix creates sets the ideology of students towards leading an organization right from the academics. Phoenix offers flexibility in the scheduling the learning hours and the learning centers at the reach of the students which provides ample opportunity to learn and leverage to the career path.

Pestel and Porters Tesco

PESTEL provides an analysis into the external business factors which may effect the company performances. It can be used on a daily, weekly, monthly and yearly basis to analysis the macro environmental effects on a company. POLITICAL-EU Free trading laws promoting trade between western and eastern European resulting in expansion of tesco retail outlets ECONOMIC-Economic recession has affected consumers buying behaviors. Consumers buy essential commodities however the demand for luxury has decreased.Consumers spend less time eating out and spend more time eating in, in order to cut down on cost. SOCIAL-The majority of the uk population is made up of retired people who spend less on food and eat less. Consumer attitude changing to become more healthy. Increase in demand for organic foods. Increase in UK ethnicity population has lead to a wide range of food items available in store TECHNOLOGICAL-Increase in population access to internet has caused an increase in Online grocery shopping. Loyaty programs has enabled tesco to analyze consumers spending habits.Mobile technology allowing convenient shopping on mobile devices. Self service tills makes buying quicker for customers ENVIRONMENTAL-Incentives to re-use bags and be more environmentally friendly. Recycling center’s available at tescos. Carbon foot print data available on some products. Greener living scheme which advices customers on environmental issues such as how to reduce food waste and carbon foot print when preparing meals LEGAL-Increase in VAT rate will affect the non-food sector of tescos. Increase of minimum wage of over 21s (from 6. 08 to 6. 9) impacts operating costs. PORTERS 5 forces allows the analysis of the competitive environment. SUBSTITUTE of PRODUCTS and services-Low threat of substitute for food products as tescos provides quality goods at low prices Substitutes- indirect- pubs offering food, local marketss or shops, on line suppliers New COMPETITORS – Low rate of competition from new entrants into the market because it takes a huge investment and a new business pathway to capture customers however lidl, aldi have come in to the market capturing a new market with lower prices.Marks and spencer offer food at the high end of the market Old COMPETITORS – High rate of competition from other food retail stores such as asda, Morrison, Sainsbury’s and waitros in the form of price, promotions and retaining customer loyalty. Competitors Sainsbury etc compete as a traditional competitor for market share BARGINING POWER OF BUYERS High bargaining powers of buyers in the supermarkets, high.We have lots of choice as to where we shop. Tesco have to keep on their toes to be competitive. When I take the DLR to work however the buyer has no power, no choice, so prices go up BARGINING POWERS OF SUPPLIERS – suppliers to supermarkets have little power and get squeezed by the big boys. they have to supply at a lower price, will not get paid by tesco until it suits tesco.

Dream House Essay

Everyone has their own thoughts about their dream house.  These days homes are more affordable because of the economy and all the foreclosures makes it much easier to afford a really nice house. My dream house is not a fancy house that I could never afford; its a home I could see my wife and I having in the future. I have seen many homes that I thought to myself, this house would be perfect. A few characteristics I want to describe about my dream house are the appearance, location, and decor. I want my house to have a nice large home with coffee stained wood finish on the outside full of crystal clear windows of all different sizes. I imagine as you walk into my home there would be high ceilings and hanging over the entryway would be a big crystal chandelier. When entering the home, there would also be a place for you to hang your coat, rest, and take off your shoes from a long day’s work. I want a house that is not brand new but not too old either because I do not want to have fix the house constantly or hear the creaking floors while walking around. I always thought it would be nice to have solar panels, a windmill, and a garden so I can be self reliant. The grass would be a bright healthy green almost as if it was not real. Around the house would be a large fence to allow for our privacy and to keep the animals in. My dream house will be in a community, but I want it to be in an area that is not to busy for convenience and for the safety of our future children. I always thought it would be nice to have a couple of acres for my dogs to run about and a beautiful lake stocked with fish for the dogs to go into and cool off during the hot summers. Illinois is a beautiful state and would be a nice place to settle down and have this dream house. Another significant thing about the home would be the long cobblestone driveway you would have to travel up leading to our home and front porch. It would also be nice to have a day room attached to the house with windows that easily open and close so my wife could sit out there in the winter to smoke and not be so cold. I want the inside to be tasteful, like I imagine a doctor’s home looking. There would be two floors and a basement. When you first walk in, you see the family room which is very calm and relaxing. You continue to the kitchen and dining room with an open floor plan. The basement would be split in half for both my wife and I. My part of the basement would be man themed, full of energy and excitement. There would be a pool table, arcade style games, a shadow box full of military memorabilia, big televisions, and gaming systems. My wife and I would have the master suite upstairs with a California king Temporpedic bed sitting with a beautiful oak finished baseboard and headboards, an enormous television, big bay windows to allow the cool breezes in during the hot, humid summers, and big dark curtains to keep the sun out during the mornings. I do not have any children currently but hope to have one or two in the future and they would also have bedroom up stairs. I would like their bedrooms to be kid oriented so for example if we have a boy nice blues and clouds or jungle with animals. If its a girl then pinks and pony’s or whatever it is my wife decides. My dream home will have an elegant appearance, be in a convenient location, and be tastefully decorated. I also believe a home like this would be perfect for the holidays or family gathering and would allow me to see my family more. These are all the things that would make my home perfect for my wife and I in addition I look forward to making this dream home a reality.

Developing Early childhood language experinces Assignment

Developing Early childhood language experinces - Assignment Example Speaking is a process which begins with thought. In other words, the words which come from the child are just an expression of the thoughts in the child’s mind. Yet, a closer look at the child can reveal that learning to speak is a major issue for the child. This is especially because most educators and parent s only focus on teaching the child other things such as reading and writing. As a result, many children especially those of ages 2-3 are more likely to face speech issues. In the above photo, the children don’t seem to be quite aware of the things they are playing with. This indicates a gap between the environment and the way the child learns their speech. In the photo above, there are a number of issues which were going on. First, the child did not know the name of the object he was playing with. This creates a gap between the child’s ability to learn speech. In this photo, the child is seen playing alone without an adult to help with the play. This places a limitation on the child’s ability to learn. As McMullen (1998) says, it is possible to see the child as they think especially during play. This is because as Diaz (2007) says, play is a way for the child to be able to learn. Helping the child to share their information is also important to help in learning speech skills (Marilyn & Williams-Kennedy, 2002). As Campbell and Green (2006) say, all literacy lessons are cantered towards culture. Using cultural artefacts is therefore necessary to help the child to lean their speech. Part II There are a number of issues which must be looked at when the education of the child is in question. Children learn in a very different way and it is necessary for educators to be able to know how to best improve the environment in which children learn. Most children in the modern education system are affected by a theory-practice gaps which leaves them to be educated in an uncompetitive environment. This is because many educators fail to apply what they learn in theory. Children learn by applying paradigms in their daily lives which means in their play. As a child plays, they are able to act out different issues and this makes them to easily learn. This shows just how important play is and why educators should adopt play as a major and vita part of the curriculum. The following action plan is intended to solve some of the issues which were present in the environment which was investigated. It offers a number of alternatives which will help in making sure that the environment which is conducive for the children to be able to learn as much as possible during their play. At the same time, it offers guidance for practitioners to be able to stick to education theory with regard to the role of play in a child’s learning process. Most of the suggestions given are based on theory of education and sound strategies which can enhance child’s learning process. Action plan Issue to be addressed Action Expected result In troducing sounds in the play area Introduce new toys which help the child to learn new words Learning to speak requires the child to be able to learn as much sounds as possible in order to help the child learn the various language outputs. Introducing sound

The Effect of Globalization on Muslim Youth Essay

The Effect of Globalization on Muslim Youth - Essay Example This way it has only awakened the growth of risk, uncertainty and insecurity particularly for the Muslims of future generations. From physical assaults and racial profiling to an array of new cultural processes, globalization has created a multicultural environment for our Muslim youth which has opened the doors for our Muslim youth to enter 'war on terrorism'. Such an environment has only developed a richer understanding of race and ethnicity in young lives to see how these relations configure around work, leisure and consumption practices. Global processes so far has supported Muslim youth by escorting them to new technologies which has helped them in finding an easier way to be called 'terrorists'. Muslim youth has also suffered through the current age of migration which has spawned a diverse range of global movement and settlement (Nayak: 4). Moreover, such transformations have changed what we use to call once our 'local rituals' into 'global' ones and has taken the form of 'modernization'. Many theorists have declared that globalization is now being challenged on two fronts, first by its own internal weaknesses, contradictions, and inequities, and secondly by the response of the Muslim world. There are reasons to it, since Muslim world possess culturally different world-views which are different from what Muslim youth perceives, therefore the real challenge lies not in diversity but in establishing an open society with a genuine plurality of systems and options, and which offers a diversity with unlimited scope for co-operation in the pursuit of shared values and common interests (Dunning: 189). Young activists or what globalization has highlighted in the context of youth as inadequately formed adults, are the most effected ones as far as the consequences of globalization are concerned. Many scholars have declared globalization as the main subject in focussing largely or explicitly only on adults, and youth are assumed to be less fully formed social actors or subjects less able to exert the agency in the face of globalization that some scholars are, rightly, eager to document. Theorists mention our youth irrespective of any religion to be engaged in an ongoing process of social and cognitive development, therefore they suggest they have higher responsibilities and acquire more rights as they move into adulthood. However, globalization creates an assumption on behalf of our youth that marks traditional work and citizenship; for example, young citizens are not limited to enjoy global processes to the extent that they have rights (Orozco & Hilliard: 206). In many cases it is seen that such rights are limited while socializing into strict rules or norms of political involvement rather than being considered thinking agents who may express important critiques of citizenship and nationhood. An example of 'globalization' misuse before us is that of extremists to which Muslim youth is escorting, in the name of religion, rather in the name of fundamentalism. Liberalism or Extremism Theorist Rawls elaborates that liberalism is a significant aspect in making a visionary world which retains genuine pluralism along with providing a dimension that promotes global political, economic, and cultural humanity with handful opportunities for co-operation, and competition. Unfortunately

International Trade Administration of North America Term Paper

International Trade Administration of North America - Term Paper Example When we look at the old pattern where how the US economy works, that is, the population also grows along with US economy, the job fulfilment is reached. When we check the business-peak cycle from January 1980 to July 1990 we can observe the total U.S employment grow by 151,000 net new payroll jobs in a month. And it increased at a rate of 178,000 at the business- peak cycle from July 1991 to March 2001, but around the turn of millennium the situation began to change in U.S. than before (Lenain, et al., 2012). Due to the weak employment growth in the beginning of the millennium the economy fell into recession and began to shed jobs at the end of 2008 and this lasted till the president signed the American recovery and reinvestment act. The recession made a large and continuing negative impact on the state and local governments, however with the help of recovery act and by the payroll tax cut and unemployment insurance extensions contained in the tax relief, unemployment insurance reaut horisation and job creation act of 2010, the U.S. economy had added jobs in every month from February 2010 (Lenain, et al., 2012). The economy of whole North America includes 528 million people in its 23 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories. It is marked by a sharp division between predominantly English speaking countries of Canada and united states , which are among the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world, and the countries in central America and Caribbean the less developed.

Maternity Leave and Family Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maternity Leave and Family Pregnancy - Essay Example The essay "Maternity Leave and Family Pregnancy" talks about the maternity leave which refers to the period of time that a new mother takes off from work following the birth of her baby. It is similar to paternity leave being offered by many companies. And planning a maternity leave is very important for the mother-to-be because it saves them from unexpected financial pressures and burden of family responsibilities. Maternity leave can be started just before the expected date of delivery so that mothers can spend most of their leave with the baby. However, it is important, according to FMLA to provide a notice to the manager, 30 days prior to the delivery. This will be unpaid leave. The maximum leave that a mother can get is a leave of 12 months in a year. The FMLA leave applies both to the mother and the father, who can utilize this leave in the same period like overlapping each other’s leaves, or in consecutive periods so that one of the two parents is available to the child and the rest of the family. Pregnancy and parenting bring new joys to the whole family. A new addition is very exciting for all members of the family. Although the 9-month pregnancy demands much patience and care from the mother-to-be, the rest of the family must play their role in comforting the mother and preparing for the newcomer. For example, the dad-to-be should try to spend extra time with his wife to soothe her and should take care of her if she is in pain or any sort of discomfort that may come with pregnancy.

Nigerian politics and culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nigerian politics and culture - Research Paper Example Corruption is one of the problems that all countries around the globe are fighting with. It is evident from research that every country currently has formed a commission of enquiry to investigate on corruption, hence proving the challenge as a drawback. It entails the diversion of public/ proprietors funds or property into private ownership without the owners consent. Corruption encompasses rampant issues that should be duly defined to create a comprehension of its concepts to every individual in order to effectively curb the problem. More over, recent research has really focused on establishing the major causes of corruption, which include; poor government policies, endowment of natural resources, culture, politics as well as sociological factors. Furthermore, great impacts are experienced in a society dominated by corrupt enabling systems. These include an overall economic recession, inadequacy of peace and unity, wastage of time etc. However, the style and path corruption takes di ffers in different contexts depending on the root cause, control methodologies employed etc. Nevertheless, Nigeria has been long known for its extraordinary domination by corruption of all forms (Izibili and Aiya, 2007). The discussion in this paper offers a comprehensive research on corruption in Nigeria. Provision of a general overview of corruption and its definitive issues is vital in this case. It will also give a recap on nature and characteristics of corruption in Nigeria. More over, it will seek to establish the causes as well as the impacts of corruption in Nigeria. An overview of corruption and definitive issues Corruption is a form of funds or property misappropriation within an organization/ government or even between individual partnerships. It involves the process of securing power or material wealth through illegal means by individuals for personal gain. In the broad sense of view, two parties (a supplier and a demander) are often involved in a corruption deal when th ey arrange to exchange something illegally. In this case, the allocation of the property of exchange is done immediately or in future as well as facilitation of private gain facilitation at the expense of public property (Osoba, 1996). Innumerable styles are utilized in corruption in Nigeria. Misappropriation of public funds into private accounts by government officials is a common phenomenon in Nigerian corruption. Collection of bribes by police officers from people in order that they execute some of their duties is also rampant. In addition, most authorities may collect money illegally in the issuance of legal documents, for instance, passports, driving licenses, visas etc. Several models are available which describe directions that are commonly applied in corruption. The supply-initiated model involves the demander determining the course of the corruption. This is determined by the bribe-size, the desire of the briber as well as the time for the elision of such deals. The other i s the bribe-oriented model, which entails the setting of a particular price by the bribe. The fulfillment of such corruption models entails undergoing an opportunity cost by the briber in order that they may have an opportunity provided by bribes. Therefore, corruption takes a normal path that is