The 1960s Of The 1920s Essay - 1331 Words

The 1920s were a time of optimism for many Americans. Most remember the era as the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†, a term that calls up images of listening to jazz in Harlem Nightclubs, happy people dancing the famous Charleston, or people piling into inexpensive Model T Fords for joy rides around the city. People enjoyed the rapid advances in medicine, a thriving economy, and many technological conveniences in their lives. However, despite all of the bright spots during the 1920s there were several dark spots as well. The dark spots were a result of conflicting parties either promoting change or resisting change. Prohibition was one of the most infamous legislation passed during the 1920s. Many political groups started a movement to ban alcohol prior to the 20th century. Progressives and traditionalist supported prohibition. Women played a strong role in the temperance movement, as alcohol was seen as a destructive force in families and marriages. In 1906, a new wave of attacks beg an on the sale of liquor, led by the Anti-Saloon League and driven by a reaction to urban growth, as well as the rise of evangelical Protestantism and its view of salon culture as corrupt and ungodly. In addition, many factory owners supported prohibition in their desire to prevent accidents and increase the efficiency of their workers in an era of increased industrial production and extended working hours. They believed that a ban on alcohol would help reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty.Show MoreRelatedAmerican Women 1920-19602526 Words   |  11 Pagesmovement passed. In retaliation and to demonstrate their political influence they manage to savage three political candidates campaigns and, â€Å"based on this display of power, one year later the amendment passed both the House and the Senate; in August 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment became a part of the United States Constitution. In November of that year, women across the nation voted in their first president ial election (Dooley, 1990). While World War I raged on American nation decided to step intoRead MoreChanges in America Between 1920 and 1960 Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the years between 1920 and 1960, America saw change in many aspects of life. The United States was a part of two major wars and a crash of the banking system that crippled the economy greater than ever seen in this country’s history. Also the country had new insecurities to tackle such as immigration and poor treatment of workers. These events led to the change of America lives socially, economically, and politically. The people of America changed their ideas of what the country’s placeRead MoreThis essay, 1920s vs 1960s, writen in AABB format, deals with the comparison of; general statistics, fashion styles of both men women, music, controversial issues.1502 Words   |  7 Pages1920s vs. 1960s Over the past century, people living in the United States have experienced many changes. As the times change, so do the people. In the 1920s, people acted differently then compared to the people in the 1960s. Yet, they both have one thing in common; they shaped our history. In the 1920s, about 106,521,537 people inhabited the United States. It was a rough period in our history, with about 2,132,000 people unemployed and murder, swindles, and racketeering as the most popularRead MoreFashion of Roaring Twenties and the Sixties1527 Words   |  7 Pagespart of everyday life. The way someone dresses says a lot about his or her personality, age, culture and experience. 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In the 1920s the flappers were viewed as more risquà © during their time. However, compared to the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, the flappers were far from risquà ©. In the early twentieth century, people dressed very conservatively. Men wore slacks and collared

The Blood Rushing Effect On Readers, And Dracula By Bram...

Only few stories and novels have the blood rushing effect on readers, and Dracula by Bram Stoker is one of those novels. This novel utilizes the method of using letters and other documents in order to tell the story. The application of the epistolary technique in the story Dracula proves to be quite effective because it does enable the reader to foresee the happenings in the story on a closer and more personal scale. In this novel, the man who writes the letters in Transylvania experiences a vast amount of supernatural experiences. Within the first four chapters of Dracula, Jonathan Harker witnesses supernatural occurrence’s such as seeing flickering blue lights, how Jonathan Harker’s coachman magically made the were-wolves disappear, and how he cannot see the Count Dracula’s reflection in the mirror. In the novel Dracula, Jonathan Harker tries to overlook these supernatural occurrences because of Mr. Hawkins interest. However, this reason may not be the most rea listic justification in why Jonathan is persistent in his stay, but rather he is also aware that he is a prisoner. The novel Dracula also has many other supernatural aspects such as the three women in Count Dracula’s house, and how Count Dracula proceeds down the walls in a lizard like manner. In the novel Dracula, it could be argued that Jonathan Harker is not a reliable narrator because of the fact that he is the only one in the book experiencing these occurrences and his mental state is questionable at times. The

Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(168) " impact of heavy rainstorms on the dirt, reduces and slows down surface run off, and minimizes dirt eroding every bit good as state of affairs of the drainage systems\." 2.1 Introduction Malaysia is a tropical state which consists of three parts: Peninsular Malaysia and the two Borneo provinces of Sabah and Sarawak. Harmonizing to Forest Statistic Information for the Year 2009 from Official Website Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, the forested country in Peninsular Malaysia is 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 89 million hectares from overall Peninsular Malaysia Area which is 13.18 million hectares. McMorrow A ; Talip ( 2001: 217, mentioning Wood 1990 ) have pointed out that, based on its public presentation up till the terminal of the 1980s ; Malaysia is one of the 14 major states with over 250,000 hectares deforested yearly. They added that by the late 1980s half of the forest country in Peninsular Malaysia and a fifth in Borneo had gone. A assortment of factors contribute to this province of personal businesss. When deforestation and forest debasement became critical issues, switching cultivation was singled out by the authoritiess, and peculiarly by the Sarawak authorities, as the chief cause of forest loss. Yet, it has since been established that forest debasement due to switching agriculturists is ‘minor ‘ ( Cramb 1989 ; Jomo et.al. 2004 ; Nicholas 2003 ) . The major causes of the diminution in forest country and quality include commercial logging, agricultural development, dikes and relocation. To look profoundly into the affair of the function of authorization from land office and forest section to forestall illegal business in the wood, the writer will give some definitions about forest, illegal wood activities which include illegal business of forestlands, illegal logging, etc. The Torahs such as National Land Code1965 and National Forestry Act 1984 that involve illegal business in wood have to be defined. Forest direction or sustainable forest direction besides has to be defined to happen out overview of forest jurisprudence enforcement and system monitoring in Malaysia. Since the respondents of survey are governments from land office and forestry section, therefore the maps, functions or duties besides need to be defined. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Forest Harmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner ‘s Dictionary, wood is a big country of land that is thickly covered with trees. While in Cambridge Advance Learner ‘s Dictionary, wood is defined as a big country of land covered with trees and workss, normally larger than a wood, or the trees and workss themselves. Forest is a debatable and intercrossed class. As defined in FRA2000, it is a combination of a land-cover category and a land-use category: it relates non merely to the presence of trees of over 5m and 10 % canopy screen, but besides to the absence of other land utilizations such as agribusiness. It includes †areas usually forming portion of the forest country which are temporarily unstocked but which are expected to return to forest † ( FAO Forestry Department, 1998, p. 3 ) . Further complications stem from alterations in minimal size of country included ( 0.5 hour angle in FRA2000, compared with 100 hour angles in FRA1990 ) . Rubber plantations were included as plantations in FRA2000 but non in FRA1990. And while a unvarying definition was employed in FRA2000, it has non become a planetary criterion: treatment continued thenceforth ( FAO, 2002 ) , and a different 1 has been agreed for describing on the Kyoto Protocol ( UNFCCC, 2002 ) . Even if a individual definition is agreed, as in FRA2000, jobs remain and so may go even more insidious because they are less obvious. At the state degree, informations are collected harmonizing to national definitions, and have to be adjusted to the international one Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) , Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 showed that woods cover 31 per centum of entire land country. Degree centigrades: Documents and SettingsTHAMDesktopuntitled.JPG The universe ‘s entire forest country is merely over 4 billion hectares, which corresponds to an norm of 0.6 hour angles per capita. The five most forest-rich states ( the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China ) history for more than half of the entire forest country. Ten states or countries have no wood at all and an extra 54 have forest on less than 10 per centum of their entire land country. Carol Yong ( 2006 ) revealed that the official definition of a wood used in Malaysia differs from the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) definition, which excludes countries under agricultural harvests ( e.g. oil thenar ) . In Malaysia, nevertheless, the countries under oil thenar, gum elastic and tree harvests are often regarded as wood. The inquiry of the definition of woods is peculiarly important in the Malayan context where the Malayan woods are quickly vanishing and, conversely, â€Å" forest † plantations countries are spread outing. Malayan Timber Council ( 2008 ) draws our attending that in the twelvemonth 2006, Malaysia has 32.95 million hectares of land country, of which 24.60 million hectares or 74.7 per centum of entire land country are classified as entire country under tree screen. Of these, 18.5 million hectares are forested country and 6.25 million hectares are other tree bulls. Of the entire country under tree screen, 8.96 million hectares ( 36.42 per cent ) are found in Sarawak, 11.23 million hectares ( 45.65 per cent ) are found in Peninsular Malaysia and 4.41 million hectares ( 17.93 per cent ) in Sabah. Sabah claims it has the least country under tree screen. S. Mather ( 1990 ) in Zalinda Binti Muhammad ( 2003 ) and Norisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) stated that wood is one spectrum which has natural elements like merchandise of the forest, vegetations and zoologies, etc. Area of all the forest that has been identified at the center of decennary 1980 is more than 4000 million hectare or 31 per centum of surface of the Earth. Harmonizing to S.M. Mohd Idris who is the manager of Sahabat Alam Malaysia ( SAM ) or Friends of the Earth Malaysia ( 1987 ) in Norisah Binti Kasim ( 2006 ) , he stated that â€Å" †¦ forests offer protective functions against environmental alterations. The complex function played by wood in the heat and H2O balance of the Earth is undeniable. At the local degree, the forest screen breaks the impact of heavy rainstorms on the dirt, reduces and slows down surface run off, and minimizes dirt eroding every bit good as state of affairs of the drainage systems. You read "Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Flash inundations and drawn-out inundations in many countries of the topical universe are progressively attributable to extended clearance of forested countries. † 2.2.2 Improper Occupation Harmonizing to Oxford Advanced Learner ‘s Dictionary, the significance of business is the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc. Meanwhile the significance of improper is non allowed by the jurisprudence or equivalent word with illegal. Therefore improper business can be defined as the act of life in or utilizing a edifice, room, piece of land, etc which is against the jurisprudence. 2.2.3 Illegal Forest Activities â€Å" Illegal wood activities † is a wide term that includes illegal logging ; it is used to mention to activities broader than merely harvest home, which is, conveyance, processing and trade ( Smith, 2002 ) . Brack and Hayman ( 2001 ) besides reference that illegalities may besides happen â€Å" during conveyance, including illegal processing and export, misdeclaration to imposts, and turning away of revenue enhancements and other monies. † Illegal forest activities include all illegal Acts of the Apostless related to forest ecosystems, forest industries, and lumber and non-timber wood merchandises. They include Acts of the Apostless related to the constitution of rights to the land and corrupt activities used to get forest grants. Illegal Acts of the Apostless include unauthorised business of public and private forestlands, logging in protected or environmentally sensitive countries, reaping protected species of trees, forest incendiarism, wildlife poaching, improper conveyance of wood and other wood merchandises, smuggling, reassign pricing and other deceitful accounting patterns, unauthorised processing of wood merchandises, misdemeanor of environmental ordinances, and bribing authorities functionaries ( Contreras-Hermosilla 2002a ) â€Å" There are many types of illegal forest patterns like public retainers may O.K. illegal contracts with private endeavor. Private commercial corporations may reap trees of species that are protected by jurisprudence from timber development. Persons and communities may come in public wood and illicitly take merchandises that are public belongings. Illegal activities do non halt at the forest. They travel down the line to operations in transit, processing and trade of wood merchandises. Persons or corporations may smuggle wood merchandises across international boundary lines or procedure natural wood stuffs without a licence. Corporations with strong international links may unnaturally blow up the monetary value of imported inputs or deflate the volume and monetary values of their exports to cut down their revenue enhancement liability and to ease the illegal transportation of capital abroad † ( FAO 2001 ) . Contreras-Hermosilla nowadayss illustrations of illegal activities in the forestry sector, grouped into six classs: illegal business of forestlands ; illegal logging ; incendiarism ; illegal lumber trade and conveyance, and timber smuggling ; transfer pricing and other illegal accounting patterns ; and illegal wood processing that shown in Table 1 below.[ 1 ] Illegal business of forestlands aˆ?Invasion of public forested lands by either rural households, communities or private corporations to change over them to agriculture or cowss ranching aˆ? Practice of slash-and-burn agribusiness on invaded lands aˆ?Landless provincials illicitly busying forested countries to coerce authoritiess to allow land ownership rights to them and these authoritiess purchasing lands from provincials. Illegal logging aˆ? Logging protected species aˆ? Duplication of droping licences aˆ? Girdling or ring-barking, to kill trees so that they can be lawfully logged aˆ? Contracting with local enterprisers to purchase logs from protected countries aˆ? Loging in protected countries aˆ? Logging outside grant boundaries aˆ? Loging in prohibited countries such as steep inclines, riversides and H2O catchments aˆ? Removing under-/over-sized trees from public woods aˆ? Extracting more timber than authorised aˆ? Reporting high volume extracted in forest grants to dissemble the fact that portion of the volume declared is extracted from non-authorized boundaries aˆ? Loging without mandate aˆ? Obtaining logging grants through payoffs. Forests incendiarism aˆ?Setting forests on fire to change over them to commercial utilizations. Illegal timber conveyance, trade and lumber smuggling aˆ? Transporting logs without mandate aˆ? Transporting illicitly harvested lumber aˆ? Smuggling lumber aˆ? Exporting and importing tree species banned under international jurisprudence, such as Citations aˆ? Exporting and importing lumber in dispute of national prohibitions. Transportation pricing and other illegal accounting patterns aˆ? Declaring lower values and volumes exported aˆ? Declaring purchase monetary values higher than the predominating market monetary values as equipment or services from related companies aˆ? Manipulating debt hard currency flows to reassign money to a subordinate or parent company, such as blow uping debt refund to avoid revenue enhancements on net incomes aˆ?Under-grading, under-valuing, under-measuring and misclassification of species exported or for the local market. Illegal forest processing aˆ? Operating without a processing licence aˆ? Ignoring environmental and societal and labour Torahs and ordinances aˆ? Using illicitly obtained wood in industrial processing. Table 3: Examples of illegal patterns in the forestry sector The World Bank estimates that loss of gross caused by illegal wood activities throughout the universe is deserving US $ 5 billion yearly. Illegal wood activities occur in tropical, temperate and boreal woods.[ 2 ] Illegal forest activities abound in many states, for illustration: * In Indonesia, every bit much as 50 million three-dimensional metres of lumber are estimated to be illicitly cut-down each twelvemonth. * At least one-fifth of Russia ‘s one-year lumber crop is taken illicitly, and illegal harvest home may account for every bit much as 50 per centum of the sum in East Asia. * In Cambodia in 1997, the volume of illicitly harvested logs was ten times that of the legal crop. * In Cameroon and Mozambique about half of the entire one-year lumber crop is illegal. * In Brazil, an estimated 80 per centum of lumber extracted each twelvemonth in the Amazon is removed illicitly. 2.2.4 Illegal Logging Illegal logging has no individual definition. It is non a legal term derived from pacts, legislative acts, or tribunal sentiments. Neither is it a proficient term that professionals use in a consistent manner. In a general sense, â€Å" illegal logging takes topographic point when lumber is harvested, transported, bought or sold in misdemeanor of national Torahs † ( Black and Hayman 2001 ) . This wide definition includes about any illegal act that may happen between the turning of the tree and the reaching of the forest-based merchandise in the custodies of the consumer † ( Rosenbaum 2003 ) There are normally no expressed definitions for illegal logging. In pattern, the definition can be derived from the legal misdemeanors that are reported on in the national statistics refering illegal logging. This does non needfully intend that other types of misdemeanors would be ignored ; they may merely be recorded under different headers. In wide footings, the assorted legal misdemeanors associated with illegal logging can be divided into eight groups: ( I ) larceny, ( two ) unauthorized harvest home, ( three ) non-compliance with ordinances related to timber harvest home, ( four ) non-compliance with the process of timber sales/concession award, ( V ) use of timber informations, ( six ) equivocation of revenue enhancements and fees, ( seven ) non-compliance with ordinances refering conveyance or export of lumber, and ( seven ) disobedience with labour Torahs Typically, the statistics on illegal logging in the states involved in the survey refer to misdemeanors which involve phys ical remotion of trees i.e. larceny, unauthorised harvest home and disobedience with cutting ordinances. Corruptness in connexion with lumber harvest home is non recorded under illegal logging unless it involves physical remotion of trees. All types of misdemeanors in the above list except larceny could affect corruptness. Based on interviews with assorted stakeholders in the states involved in the survey, disobedience with labour Torahs is perceived to be merely weakly linked to illegal logging. Sector-specific records are non maintained and forest disposal is non involved in enforcement activities. The illegal logging phenomenon is neither new nor uncontested by the authorities. It started in the old ages prior to the societal economic reform ; it reached the extremum in 1997 and continues to day of the month. From this point of position, the â€Å" unwellness † has non infected merely one sector but has extended its roots into other sectors of the economic system, and the â€Å" remedy † for this â€Å" unwellness † requires the intersectoral cooperation of public disposal, non denying here the interested community and the work of the economic and environmental NGOs. 2.3 Forest Management Forest direction is the subdivision of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal, and societal facets and with the basically scientific and proficient facets, particularly silviculture, protection, and forest ordinance. This includes direction for aesthetics, fish, diversion, urban values, H2O, wilderness, wildlife, wood merchandises, forest familial resources and other forest resource values. Management can be based on preservation, economic sciences, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, seting and replanting of assorted species, cutting roads and tracts through woods, and forestalling fire. Formal forest direction in Malaysia was introduced in 1901 by the British colonial disposal with the creative activity of a wood section. The section was involved in forestry vegetation, silvicultural pattern, policy preparation and forest saving. Forestry policies formulated by the British in the 1920s and 1930s were consolidated as the National Forestry Policy ( NFP ) in 1978 to guarantee orderly execution of forest direction, preservation and development across all provinces. This is because land and forest in Malaysia are purely province affairs. The ad hoc forest direction policy practiced by each province makes monitoring and control of forest resources at the federal degree hard. The National Forestry Act ( NFA ) of 1984 provides for orderly harvest home, reclamation and preservation of trees at the sustainable output degree. 2.3.1 Significance of Forest Management 2.3.2 Sustainable Forest Management Sustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is the manner of direction in which growing exceeds timber crop, now besides encompasses economic sciences, environmental and societal qualities that contribute to the sustainability of forest dependent communities and ecosystems every bit good as the forest itself. Malaysia has a program more environmentally-friendly and responsible concern patterns. This will assist cut down runing costs in the long-term and is a wise investing in the hereafter, safeguarding the natural resources depending on corporations and communities. For illustration, local corporations in wood industries are fall ining WWF ‘s Global Forest and Trade Network. They are aiming European and US markets, where consumers are progressively demanding wood merchandises from sustainably managed woods ( WWF-Malaysia, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to International Tropical Timber Organization ( ITTO, 1992 ) , sustainable wood direction is the procedure of pull offing woods to accomplish one or more clearly specified aims of direction with respect to the production of a uninterrupted flow of coveted wood merchandises and services, without undue decrease of its built-in value and future productiveness, and without undue unwanted effects on the physical and societal environments. FAO ( 1993 ) defines it as one which ensures that the values derived from forest meet present twenty-four hours demands while at the same clip guaranting their continued handiness and use to long-run development demands. Sustainable Forest Management ( SFM ) is impossible to accomplish if a state does non hold a direction system. In this respect, the usage of more systematic attack in pull offing the woods in Peninsular Malaysia began in 1901 when the first forest officer was appointed ( Ismail, 1996 ) . Since so, forest direction patterns in Peninsular Malaysia had been subjected to constant reappraisal and polish so as to guarantee their suitableness in accomplishing forest reclamation and sustained output. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 study has provides a comprehensive overview of the consequences of FRA 2010 grouped harmonizing to seven subjects, covering cardinal facets of sustainable forest direction: aˆ? Extent of forest resources aˆ? Forest biological diverseness aˆ? Forest wellness and verve aˆ? Protective maps of forest resources aˆ? Productive maps of forest resources aˆ? Socio-economic maps of woods aˆ? Legal, policy and institutional model 2.4 Legal Framework The forestry policies are implemented chiefly through the commissariats in the forest Torahs enacted for the three parts: National Forestry Act 1984 for Peninsular Malaysia, Forest Regulation 1958 for Sarawak and Forest Enactment 1968 for Sabah, and the assorted amendments by the States. The other related ordinances that affect forestry for Peninsular Malaysia include the Land Conservation Act 1960, Environmental Quality Act 1974, National Parks Act 1980, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Land Code 1965, Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and Forest Rules 1985. For Sabah, the relevant ordinances include Forest Rules 1969, Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1977, Land Ordinance 1930, Cultural Heritage ( Conservation ) 1997, Sabah Parks Enactment 1984, Biodiversity Enactment 2000, Conservation of Environment Enactment 1996, Water Resource Enactment 1998, and Environmental Quality Act 1974. Sarawak has the Natural Resources and Environment Ordinanc e 1997, Forest Rules 1962, Wildlife Protection Ordinance and Rules 1998, The Forests ( Planted Forest ) Rules 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity Centre Ordinance 1997, Sarawak Biodiversity ( Access, Collection A ; Research Regulations ) 1998, Land Code 1958, Natural Resource and Environmental Ordinance, Water Ordinance 1994, Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, Land Ordinance 1952, Native Code 1992, Native Code Rules 1996, and Native Custom Declaration 1996. 2.4.1 The Torahs 2.4.1.1 Malayan Fundamental law Forests are under the duty of the provinces as enshrined in the Malayan Federal Constitution. Under Article 74 ( 12 ) of the Federal Constitution, land and forest ownership and direction is the duty of the State authoritiess. Each province has control over how they use and protect their forest resources so come up with their ain policies. For illustration, Sarawak governs under the Sarawak Forest Regulation of 1954 while Sabah operates under the Sabah Forest Enactment of 1968. The executive authorization of the Federal Government merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the States includes aid with forest direction, preparation of forces, behavior of research and presentation or experimental Stationss unless the State agrees to depute some of their authorization to the Federal Government. However, the Federal Government is responsible for trade policies, import and export controls and international cooperation among others. Under the proviso of Article 74 Clause ( 2 ) of the Malayan Constitution, land and forest are defined as province affairs and are therefore within the legal power of the several State Governments. Clause ( 3 ) of Article 76 of the Malayan Constitution ensures that all Acts related to land and forest shall non come into force in a State unless it has been adopted by a jurisprudence made by the legislative assembly of the State. As such each State is empowered to ordain Torahs on forestry and to explicate wood policy independently. The executive authorization of the Federal Government merely extends to the proviso of advice and proficient aid to the States, preparation and the behavior of research, and in the care of experimental and presentation Stationss. 2.4.1.2 National Forest Policy Upon independency from the British in 1957, the Colonial Office returned the woods to Malaysia. In 1958, with commissariats under the Federal Constitution, the National Land Council ( NLC ) was formed ‘for organizing State and Federal policies and aims covering land usage, excavation, forestry and agribusiness to explicate from clip to clip in audience with the Federal Government, the State Governments and the National Finance Council a national policy for the publicity and control of the use of land throughout the Federation the development of natural resources was hence sensed piecemeal, instead than holistically ‘ ( Kathirithamby-Wells 2005: 267 ) . The first measure to protecting the forest resources in Malaysia was the formation of the National Forestry Council ( NFC ) in December 1971. The end of the NFC was to make co-ordinated programs and efficaciously pull off Malaysians woods. The NFC is made up of the Chief Curates from all 13 provinces. Subsequently, this organic structure created the basis for the formation of the National Forestry Policy ( NFP ) . This policy was officially adopted by the Malayan authorities in 1978. This policy recognizes the importance of woods for the public assistance of both single communities and that state itself. Malaysia has dedicated itself to sustainable timber output patterns. The National Forest Policy for Peninsular Malaysia of 1978 was revised in 1992 to integrate several new elements, one of which is on the importance of forest jurisprudence enforcement. In this revised policy statements, it was emphasized that the State Governments through their several State Director Forestry must judicially implement the National Forest Act 1984 ( Revised 1993 ) to guarantee sustainable forest resource direction and preservation. 2.4.1.3 National Forestry Act 1984 An Act to supply for the disposal, direction and preservation of woods and forestry development within the States of Malaysia and for affiliated intents. There is the amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 to supply for stiffer punishments for illegal logging and enlisting the Police and Armed Forces to help the Forestry Departments in transporting out enforcement to control illegal logging, lumber larceny and invasions. The cardinal step taken by the Government to forestall forest offense was by amending the National Forestry Act, 1984 to integrate new commissariats to discourage the happening of wood discourtesies. The Act was enacted to update and harmonise forest jurisprudence in the Peninsula. Prior to the Act, the assorted State authoritiess depend on the State Forest Enactment ‘s, which were formulated in 1930 ‘s, for legal guidelines on forest direction and preservation. The Act besides enables the effectual execution of the National Forestry Policy passed in 1978. It was amended in 1993 to further beef up its commissariats to control illegal invasion of woods and larceny of lumber. The Act has been adopted by all the provinces in Peninsular Malaysia. The chief aims of amending the Act are as follows: I ) To increase the punishments and fasten the processs in intensifying forest offenses two ) To reassign load of cogent evidence from the prosecuting officer to the defence in the tribunal three ) To depute power in authorship by State Director of Forestry under subdivision 88, 89, 90, 92 or 93 to any member of the armed forces non below the rank of Lance Corporal as empowered to the constabulary but shall non include the power of probe four ) To add new subdivisions 100A and 100B for wagess and protection of betrayers severally, subdivision 101A for power of tribunal to order annulment and disqualification, subdivision 110A for discourtesies committed by licensee or holder of license, and New Sixth Schedule for list of machines, equipment and conveyance † . V ) To do general amendments in the national linguistic communication text, alteration of name in the national linguistic communication text and replacement subdivisions 5, 69, 101 and 104 2.4.1.4 National Land Code Harmonizing to subdivision 425 improper business, etc. , of province Land, reserved land or excavation land National Land Code ( Act 56 of 1965 ) and ordinances, Section 425 ( 1 ) stated that any individual who, without lawful authorization – Occupies, or erects any edifice on, any State land, reserved land or excavation land or Clears, Big Dippers, digs, encloses or cultivates any such land or portion thereof ; or Cuts or removes any lumber or bring forth on or from such land, shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending ten thousand Ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending one twelvemonth. ( 1A ) Any individual who abets the committee of an offense under sub-section ( 1 ) shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending ten thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending one twelvemonth, or to both. ( 2 ) For the intent of this subdivision, State Land shall include all land held by or on behalf of Federal or State Government a local authorization or a statutory authorization exerting power vested in it by Federal or State jurisprudence. Section 426 besides stated that improper extraction or remotion of stone stuff besides show that any individual who without lawful authorization, extracts removes, or, conveyances or permits the extraction, remotion or transit of stone stuff from any land shall be guilty of an offense, and apt on strong belief to a all right non transcending 50 thousand ringgit, or imprisonment for a term non transcending five old ages, or to both.[ 3 ] Section 426A show that any constabularies officer non below the rank of Inspector, Registrar, Land Administrator, Settlement Officer or other officer duly authorized by the State Authority ( afterlife in this portion referred to as â€Å" authorised officer † may without warrant- Arrest any individual found perpetrating or trying to perpetrate or abetting the committee of an offense under subdivision 425 or 426 Seize any vehicle, tractor, agricultural implement or other thing whatsoever which he has ground to believe was used or is being used in the committee of an offense under that subdivision Demolish, destroy or take any edifice, or take ownership in the name of the State Authority of any harvest, erected or cultivated on any land land in dispute thereof. 2.4.1.5 List of improper activities under each Law Misdemeanors of the protective commissariats ( harm of wood modesty through fire, prohibited Acts of the Apostless in a wood modesty, illegal logging and remotion from other countries, cutting of undersized trees ) are punished by mulct and imprisonment in the instance of unauthorised entry for intervention with fencings or notice boards, by a all right entirely [ Idaho. Section 20 ( 1 ) ( C ) and 33 ( 1 ) ] . Assorted offenses of fraud, privacy of grounds and having forest green goods are besides punished by mulct and imprisonment ( Section 30 ) . In add-on to mulcts and imprisonment, the Forest Enactment authorizes the tribunal to order the cancellation of licenses, the payment of any fees that would hold been collectible in the instance of unaccredited Acts of the Apostless that could hold been licensed, and compensation of 10 times the value of forest green goods removed or damaged ( Enactment No. 2 of 1968, Section 34 ) . There is besides proviso for combination of certain offenses [ come ining closed country, rehearsing switching cultivation ( Section 20 ( C ) ] , capable to the payment of an sum based on the mulct provided for the offense ( Section 35 ) . The Forest Enactment contains a figure of givens that shift the load of cogent evidence to the suspect charged with a forest offense. In prosecutions against licensees, if there is an extraction path from an country of alleged illegal remotion to the accredited country, or if the volume of lumber claimed to be covered by a license exceeds the production of the accredited country, the elements of illegal remotion or of ownership of green goods in regard of which an offense has been committed are presumed. In any instance in which the being of a license, payment of any royalty, ownership of farm animal or forest green goods, or the birthplace of wood green goods is in issue, the load of cogent evidence prevarications on the accused ( id. Section 38 ) . 2.4.2 The Agencies Involved 2.4.2.1 Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia ( JPSM ) is one of the sections under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia and consists of Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters, 11 State Forestry Department and 33 District Forest Office in all of the Peninsular Malaysia. The section is headed by Director General of Forestry and assisted by two Deputy Director of Forestry. At the terminal of 2009, the figure of employees is about 5.432 people. Forestry Department is responsible for the direction, planning, protection and development of the Permanent Forest Reserve ( HSK ) in conformity with the National Forestry Policy ( NDP ) 1992 and National Forestry Act ( APN ) 1984. Peninsular Malaysia Forestry Headquarters responsible for the preparation of forestry policies, supplying advice and proficient services to State Forestry Department in the planning, direction and development of woods, forest harvest home and wood-based industries, forest operations research, and preparation and human resource development. At the Head Office of Forestry, there are two Deputy Director General who are Deputy Director ( Policy and Planning ) and Deputy Director ( Operations and Technical ) is responsible for each of the six divisions. Meanwhile, there is one Unit of measurement and another one division is straight responsible to the Director General of Forestry. Sector Policy and Planning Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Policy and Planning ) in charge of planning and economic wood, forest resource direction, silviculture and preservation of forest biological science, wood development and forest eco-park, province Parkss, international personal businesss and forestry plantation and forest protection. Sector Operations and Technical Deputy Director General of Forestry ( Operations and Technical ) is responsible for the personal businesss of disposal and finance, technology, forestry, lumber industry, proficient and enforcement of the forest, forestry preparation and human capital development and information engineering systems development. 2.4.2.2 State Forestry Department Negeri Sembilan State Forestry Department is responsible for the disposal and control of forest development, forest gross aggregation and development of province forest resources. The section besides plans and coordinates the development of wood-based industries. State Forestry Department is divided into Forest Operations Division and Forest Development and supported by the Office of the Forest District. Forest Operations Division is responsible for disposal, forest jurisprudence enforcement, gross aggregation, and co-ordinates and liaises with the Head Office of Forestry, other province sections, statutory organic structures and bureaus. Meanwhile Forestry Development Division is responsible for planning, implementing and supervising the activities of direction and development of woods, including biodiversity preservation, ecotourism development and rehabilitation of forest countries and the readying and execution of the State Forest Management Plan. Forest Office District is responsible for disposal, control of forest development, forest gross aggregation and enforcement of forest Torahs. This office is besides responsible for implementing the activities of direction and development of woods, including forest direction of forest eco-park and province Parkss. The operation in the wood of State Forestry Department can split into two parts which are jurisprudence enforcement and forest harvest home. In jurisprudence enforcement portion, enforcement activities undertaken in all countries affecting the Permanent Forest Reserve, the State Land Reserve and alienated land. In peculiar, this activity is to implement the National Forestry Act 1984 and amendments, the Rules of the Forest Enactment of the Wood Industry and the Rules of the Wood Industry. Forestry Department is besides taking a precautional attack to learning from clip to clip through Development Program and Publicity through seminars, classs and official accounts and besides in the field, particularly to operators / lumbermans to follow with ordinances and Torahs in force. The consequences of the National Forestry Council-19 in 2005 had decided that all forest discourtesies affecting Section 15 and Section 40 of the APN 1984 ( Amendment 1993 ) ( instances of illegal logging ) are no longer allowed to be compounded, but proceed with prosecution in tribunal proceedings. In add-on, Section 86 and Section 107 is besides the subdivisions contained in the bing APN 1984 ( Rev. 1993 ) for instances of mistakes that can non be compounded even though it is the first clip. All of these discourtesies shall be referred to the State Legal Advisor for more sentiments and execution of appropriate direction. Reaping of woods in was conducted in conformity with demands of the standard standards, indexs and activities set by the ITTO Year 2000 Objective and the MS ISO 9000 for the development of Forest Land in the Permanent Reserved Forests are capable to an one-year allowable cut an country of 2.460 hectares. Forest Harvesting is the chief standards to pull off and keep woods in line with the rules of Sustainable Forest Management for the benefit of societal, economic, cultural and environmental. The harvest home of woods is taking activity and forest green goods that contributes to the development and socio-economic development. Reaping the Permanent Forest Reserve is an activity that must be implemented harmonizing to the best forest direction systems to cut and take plenty wood to size and adulthood of the demands of wood-based industries. Harvesting is carried out selective cutting system with adequate left base at the following unit of ammunition in line with the economic development of forest resources to guarantee sustainability and environmental stableness. 2.4.2.3 Land Office and District Among the maps, functions and duties of Land Office and District are supplying services in direction, finance, services, licensing, records direction and security functionaries with the purpose of easing travel and fiscal disposal and program, manage, co-ordinate and implement policies for socio-economic development of local communities particularly in rural countries to accomplish the NEP by supplying basic installations needed. Land office and District responsible to make an efficient land disposal system to guarantee efficient and effectual mode all affairs ( traffics ) are concerned with the land and guarantee that all studies made by members of the populace are investigated and action taken quickly. They besides need to maximise gross aggregation and better aggregation of arrears of gross and update history records the consequences of the Land Office from clip to clip with the right and subject the returns within the specified clip. Land Office and District can be divided to three chief divisions which are Management Services Division, Land Management Division, and Development Division. Under the Land Management Division, there are Land Development Unit, Land Disposal Unit, Land Registration Unit A ; Heritage, Revenue Unit, and Enforcement Unit. The maps of Enforcement Unit are place the location of jobs and ailments, monitoring and carry oning probes, behavior patrols every hebdomad two times and guarantee that all activities that performed has valid license. Among the functions and duties of Enforcement Unit are look into the land in relation to the application of province land, permits for prospecting, transition, impermanent housing licence applications, subdivision, subdivision, consolidation, reserve, land acquisition, implement enforcement on illegal land geographic expedition, breach of status of land, the transportation of stone stuff, carry out enforcement responsibilities, the detainment, arrogation, devastation, in line power supplied under the Section 426A National Land Code ( NLC ) , investigate studies of instances associating to set down jurisprudence ( NLC ) , regulate affairs associating to the merchandises of stone stuffs and responsible for capturing, destruction, and provide basic coverage breaches and illegal business and misdemeanor types of status harmonizing to Section 426A NLC. 2.4.3 The Power or Duties of Agencies 2.4.3.1 Monitoring 2.4.3.2 Enforcement The Forest Enactment empowers forest and constabularies officers to carry on hunts without warrant ( except in homes ) , seize forest green goods, and equipment and apprehension suspected wrongdoers where they are improbable to look on biddings or decline to place themselves right ( Section 36 ) . Forest officers do non hold the powers of ranking constabulary officers to attest to statements made by an accused ( californium. Malaysia Crim. Pro. Code, F, M, S. Cap. 6 ) , although some ictuss might hold the same consequence. 2.4.4 The Punishments 2.4.4.1 List of punishments for each improper activity Section Information ABOUT Section Punishment 15 Take any forest green goods from a lasting reserved forest or a State land Fine non transcending[ 4 ]five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages. 25 ( 2 ) Fails to follow with a Form 2 notice Fine non transcending[ 5 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 6 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment and if the offense is a go oning one, to a farther mulct non transcending[ 7 ]one 1000 ringgit for every twenty-four hours. 32 ( 1 ) Occupy or transport out any activity upon any land within a lasting reserved forest without permission Fine non transcending[ 8 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 9 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment 40 ( 1 ) Remove any forest green goods without removal licence from any ( a ) anomic land ; ( B ) land held under a impermanent business licence ; ( degree Celsius ) excavation land ; or ( vitamin D ) reserved land, Fine non transcending[ 10 ]five hundred 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages. 47 ( 1 ) A ; ( 4 ) Enter any closed wood without permission Fine non transcending[ 11 ]10s thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three[ 12 ]old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment. 50 ( 4 ) Use of forest roads without route license 13Fine non transcending ten thousand ringgit 81 ( 1 ) Acts prohibited in lasting reserved woods ( a ) graze cowss or license cowss to graze ; ( B ) fell, cut, ring, grade, lop or tap any tree ; or injure by fire, or otherwise, or take any tree or lumber ; ( degree Celsius ) cause any harm in droping any tree or film editing or dragging any lumber ; ( vitamin D ) hunt for, collect, capable to any fabricating procedure or take any forest green goods or minerals ; ( vitamin E ) clear or interrupt up any land for cultivation or any other intent ; ( degree Fahrenheit ) use toxicant substance, or dynamite or other explosives on rivers or lakes for the intent of fishing ; or Hunt, shoot, fish or set traps or traps ; or ( g ) trespass in any mode non in this subdivision hereinbefore prohibited Fine non transcending[ 14 ]10s thousand ringgitA Fine non transcending[ 15 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 16 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment A Fine non transcending ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment 82 ( 1 ) Carry any fire, or leave any fire combustion, within a lasting reserved forest Fine non transcending[ 17 ]50 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending[ 18 ]five old ages or to both such mulct and imprisonment. Table 5: Summary of illegal business in the wood and punishment harmonizing to Act 313 National Forestry Act 1984 and National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 [ Act A864 ] The tabular array above shows that the punishments that imposed to the illegal residents or any individual who are interrupt the jurisprudence is really high and can leap to twofold, trifold and even much more higher after the amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993. For illustration, the people who are take any forest green goods from a lasting reserved forest or a State land harmonizing to subdivision 15 is all right non transcending five 100 1000 ringgit and to imprisonment for a term which shall non be less than one twelvemonth but shall non transcend twenty old ages but antecedently was 10 thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term non transcending three old ages or to both before the National Forestry ( Amendment ) Act 1993 [ Act A864 ] implemented. 2.5 Analysis of Legal Framework 2.5.1 Failing Year No. Of Cases Notes 1987 172 BEFORE Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 1988 136 1989 233 1990 172 1991 512 1992 191 1993 149 AFTER Amendment to National Forestry Act 1984 1994 41 1995 34 1996 14 1997 22 1998 23 1999 26 2000 37 2001 15 2002 13 2003 21 Table 4: Number of Illegal Logging Cases in Peninsular Malaysia Harmonizing To Year ( 1987 – 2003 ) This has shown that authorities ‘s attempt to forestall illegal forest activities in the forest particularly illegal logging in Peninsular Malaysia from acquiring worse nevertheless in fact the illegal business in the wood is still go on. Since there is stricter punishments for those illegal residents after amendment of National Forestry Act in 1993 but why illegal business still can go on even in the reserved land. This has revealed that is the failing of system monitoring and enforcement from relevant governments like land office and forestry section who have the power to supervise and implement against illegal residents. 2.5.2 Proposal Harmonizing to newspaper â€Å" Utusan Malaysia † dated ( 15-10-2009 ) , Y.B. Tan Sri Joseph Kurup who is Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environment ( NRE ) said that his ministry likes to amend and streamline the commissariats of the National Forestry Act 1984 to turn to the issue of illegal logging. He besides added that they want to set up enforcement squads in the wood territory and province degrees and â€Å" winging squad † in the Forestry Department for battling illegal logging instances in add-on to placing countries with high happening of such events. That has showed that authorities wants to beef up their system of monitoring and enforcement particularly illegal logging instances. However there are still holding other illegal forestry activities happen such as illegal business of forestland, fire combustion, and so on which will give a great impact to the environment and single. Therefore there is a survey or research to supervise other illegal forestry activities and better the enforcement against the illegal residents. 2.6 Drumhead From the survey that have been done, illegal wood activities which include illegal business, illegal logging, etc need look earnestly by the relevant governments, organisation or non-governmental organisation ( NGO ) and even the populace who are concern about the illegal business in the wood. Since these activities can do harm or destruct the habitation of biodiversity of vegetations and zoologies in the wood, therefore indispensable stairss need to transport out to protect them from being destroy or extinct. Government or related governments have done their attempt to forestall the illegal business in the wood by enforcing heavier punishments to the illegal residents by the amendment of National Forestry Act 1984 in 1993 and National Land Code ( Amendment ) act 2008. The consequence after the amendment is figure of illegal logging instances in Peninsular Malaysia bead dramatically in that period but illegal businesss in the wood still go on and seems similar addition late. Hence th ere is of import to analyze or reassess system monitoring and enforcement of the governments from land office and forestry section because of the impact of illegal business in the wood. In the undermentioned chapter, the instance survey will concentrate on the wood of Negeri Sembilan where illegal businesss take topographic point to happen out the causes and betterment of system monitoring if demand. How to cite Role Of The Forestry Department In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Justice delayed is justice denied free essay sample

Nobody is bothered or sheds a tear when an ordinary person comes under the scanner and Is convicted, falsely or not. But when powerful politicians or other Influential people come under the scanner, rules are bent and a way out is found to safeguard their interests. I have seen the justice systems of India and the USA over more than twenty years. I can say from my experiences that the blindfold of justice is transparent, seeing some and choosing to to see others.In my personal case, in the USA during extradition proceedings, the special prosecutor was caught red-handed behind death threats being Issued to the presiding Judge despite having made out that actually I was behind It. Luckily she was caught but got away by pleading not guilty on account of a multiple personality claim. I have seen the rich and the mighty being given a greater sense of the benefit of the doubt, rules and laws being amended overnight to give relief as fast as it can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice delayed is justice denied or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a Sikh and being under the thumb of the law for too many years now, I have seen Justice being circumvented and denied to ordinary people like us and many others. The prison is the underbelly of any system and it reflects the segmentation of a society and a nation. Mostly people from low Incomes and the deprived side of life end up there. Why this Is so Is a big question which has been debated for too long without answer. I believe that being amongst the lesser privileged doesnt make you inherently susceptible to end up in prison or more likely to commit crime.But if we an reduce the number of people going to Jail we have to appreciate their worth economically and if society and the world at large Is safer the budgets of law enforcement will come down. The psychosis of fear will be removed from peoples minds, a fear that Is often exaggerated by law enforcement agencies to keep their own worth alive. I am not downplaying the importance and worth for the society of these people, but I am reporting an all too common scenario. I came voluntarily from the USA despite winning my extradition case.I did not seek asylum or refugee status. I opted to come back to India to face trial again and I was convicted in the same case where they failed to establish even the probability of my involvement and yet I am a convicted man. I dont regret coming back as I stood up against an unjust society which uses Its own army to crush Its molesters and uses Its mobs to burn and destroy people of different faiths who happen to be a minority, whilst nobody is punished. I still recall the New York Times article after the 1984 Sikh genocide stating that civilization crumbled.They were more accurate than we could have imagined; just look at what has happened since: Punjab has had a Chairmans Kali Deal government three times since those days and their nemesis the Congress Party has repeatedly sold to us is that we came out of the tyranny of terrorism and saved our nation. This story is retold without going into the fabric of what brought about the anarchy and loss of those days; it is regurgitated without looking at the structure of Punja b in India. As long as the law is different for different people, those with power and influence will always be above conviction.

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its' victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Leiby,1988). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Gurman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Turner,1989). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often-paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld, 1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a variety of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12-month period. There is now evidence to

Anne Moodys Journey Essays

Anne Moodys Journey Essays Anne Moodys Journey Paper Anne Moodys Journey Paper The first step Moody took on her journey of activism was to join the NAACP and SNCC. The majority of work done by Anne Moody while working for these two organizations was voter registration drives. During Moody’s stay at college, she would often travel to the delta and stay in the Freedom House. Here, Moody and her colleagues would plan and execute the voter registration drives. Moody would also organize rallies. Unfortunately, these rallies were poorly attended, and not much was accomplished. Many Negroes were too afraid to vote and did not attend the rallies because of the threat of losing their jobs. The tactic of making Negroes aware of their civil rights in a nonviolent and passive manner failed from the beginning of Moody’s inception into the Movement. Moody’s â€Å"nonviolent† sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter may be her most famous act not just during the Movement, but possibly her life. The idea behind the sit-in was to request service at the segregated lunch counter of Woolworth’s. As the sit-in progressed, the white population became more aware of what was happening, and they started heckling and threatening Moody and her fellow activists. Nonviolence turned to violence when a white man rushed Memphis, one of the sit-in members. He was beaten up and arrested. Moody was dragged out by her hair, and her friend was taken from her seat by force. A few days after the sit-in, a group of Negro ministers went to the mayor with demands. The mayor ignored them. The nonviolent sit-in was supposed to be a message to the community and the country. Unfortunately, the sit-in, in the eyes of Anne Moody, was a failure because it had accomplished nothing. The March on Washington should have been a high point for civil rights activists everywhere, but for Moody, it was another disappointment. She recalls, â€Å"Thousands of people just took off, leaving most of their leaders at the podium. It was kind of funny to watch the leaders run to overtake the march. The way some of them had been leading the people in the past, perhaps the people were better off leading themselves† (Moody, 334). Moody had begun to realize that passive strategies were not an effective and practical way to change laws. She had begun to realize that Negroes might have to meet violence with violence if they ever wanted their voices to be heard. During Martin Luther King’s speech, Moody thinks, â€Å"We had ‘dreamers’ instead of leaders leading us† (Moody, 335). Her uncertainty with the Movement had reached an all time high by this point. She believed that the leaders were out of touch with the black community, as seen by the emphasis on voter registration rather than the poverty in the rural south. On her way back to Mississippi, Moody wondered if she and the other 250,000 people at the march had made any impact on the government, a clear indication that her confidence was slowly decaying. Moody had begun working in Canton, Mississippi rallying the local black population and canvassing for voter registration. Every time it appeared that progress was made, there was a catastrophe. A church was bombed, people were beaten and killed, and black women were raped. The organizations in Mississippi decided to create a â€Å"Freedom Vote. † The Freedom Vote resulted in 80,000 blacks voting. Unfortunately, there were 400,000 blacks of voting age living in Mississippi. After the voting campaign, Moody was worn out and tired. She left the movement and made her way to New Orleans to stay with her grandmother and sister. After some time passed, she received her diploma from Tugaloo College and found herself back in Canton. She was persuaded to go to Washington and testify about the racism in Mississippi. On the bus, people were singing freedom songs in high spirits. A fellow activist named Gene turned to Moody and said, â€Å"We’re gonna git things straight in Washington, huh? † (Moody, 424). She thought to herself, â€Å"I wonder. I really wonder† (Moody, 424). The statement shows Moody’s doubts and frustration with the Movement. She had nothing to show for all her hard work in Canton, and there was no progress for equality on a national scale. By this time, Moody believed that more radical and militant action was required in order to gain the civil rights that whites had enjoyed for hundreds of years. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Bantam Dell, 1968.

Engineering and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering and Construction - Essay Example Engineering has brought about advancements in communication and also changed how companies work. Exponential advance in technology has created mind-boggling opportunities for the future generation. Many universities especially in Asia are becoming increasingly utilitarian and mainly focusing on advancing cutting-edge research and the economy. This focus will bring about the creation of new and better technology that will not only help the human race but better it. Robotic machines as the future and new sources of unlimited energy like nuclear power are soon to be discovered. Engineering has affected human beings in both positive and negative views. The invention of the cell phone 1973 changed global communication in the world. It created a new way of communicating with its inventors, Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola and John F. Mitchell first demonstrated using a handset weighing 2kgs. In 1983, cell phones became commercial through the DynaTAC 8000X (first cellphone to go viral). This advanced in technology brought the world to a global village. Recently, one can make a call to anywhere in the world, therefore, connecting people from all depths and corners of the continent. This has brought people closer, businessmen conducting seminars and meetings via Skype, new people interacting via Facebook. All this made possible by advanced technology in computer and the mobile network. A new technology that will hit the market in a global way is the electric vehicle. Productions have already commenced in Japan but in small productions. Once it goes world, which is major superpower countries it has it will help saves fuel consumption, reduce global warming by a notch and be economically accessible. The computer technology is an important asset in the modern day world. Most advancements in technologies are made possible by use of computers.  Ã‚  

The Development of Fashion Design in Twenty Century Research Paper

The Development of Fashion Design in Twenty Century - Research Paper Example The paper "The Development of Fashion Design in Twenty Century" explores the 20th-century fashion design development. The development of fashion design involves the development of the industry of fashion that is responsible in designing accessories and clothing. This industry was depended on fashion houses and firms that are governed by specific designers. This industry started in the 19th century by one designer who had his label sewn in the created garments (Whitten 15). Starting from trees, and leaves to what people experience now in fashion world, the history of fashion design was influenced by many factors changing over to the twenty century. In attempts to unravel the historical trends in fashion and design, this paper explores the development of Fashion Design in the Twenty Century. The design started by the dress maker to the Queen of France who could be described to have started the fashion transition from some few dress makers to fine designers with a highly valued profile. This was referred to as the fashion minister as a sarcasm since she established one shop around Paris with a collection that was greatly influenced by the Parisian style. This trend continued up to when the trend was altered by the revolution of the French that made the renowned designer to flee to exile in London. In whatever appears like the modern sense, Charles Frederick from Paris has been reported as the first designer, who had a huge business that employed different anonymous seamstresses, and tailors.

Summary, Analysis, and Response Paper for Media Studies Assignment - 1

Summary, Analysis, and Response Paper for Media Studies - Assignment Example The film explores the impact of technology on the generation born in the age of the internet and other similar technologies. The film examines how people have changed their lives in the face of the new technologies. This includes examining issues such as multitasking and the impact that overreliance on technology has on human development. Essentially, the documentary is an investigative report on the impact of technology on human life in the 21st century. The movie is organized in terms of various episodes that report on different matters regarding the implications of technology. There are five episodes discussing issues such as living faster as a result of relying on technology, the implications that technology has on human relations, the impact of technology on military development and wars, the emergence of virtual worlds, and finally the impact of technology in education and the learning process. The directors of the film interviewed different professionals in various fields including psychologists and technology experts, as well as delving into the lives of specific correspondents who relied on technology for most of their lives. In the first episode, the main argument raised is that people are increasingly spending more time on the internet and other similar technologies. Surprisingly, most of the people who spend the most time on the internet are children aged between 8 and 18. Therefore, this episode poses the question as to where the future of man is headed to if such children continue to spend an average of 50 hours on the internet. In the second episode, the documentary argues that technology has changed relationships among human beings in terms of how people view parenting and the concept of love. The film follows up in the third episode by discussing the impact of technology on waging war in the contemporary world.

Knowledge-based organization

Knowledge-based organization Knowledge-based organization Introduction Most organisations in one way or another have embraced the notion that to operate effectively in todays economy, it is necessary to become a knowledge-based organization (Alvesson, 1993). But few truly understand what that means or how to carry out the changes required to bring it about. Perhaps the most common misunderstanding is the view that the more a companys products or services have knowledge at their core, the more the organization is, by definition, knowledge based. The knowledge-based society of the 21st century is characterized by knowledge generation as the primary source of wealth and social well-being. This economic development, facilitated by networked actions of a variety of global actors utilizing new information and communication technology (ICT) including Internet technologies, is fundamentally changing the rules of the game of performing in both private and public organisations. Accordingly, new concepts, frameworks, models and theories are required in order to increase our understanding of the principles of the creation and use of knowledge and information as a resource. This development both in theory and in practice is evident because, contrary to the traditional factors of production, knowledge and information are partly intangible in nature. It is therefore vital for organisations to provide a holistic view of contextual factors which have an impact on the creation, processing, storage, maintenance and use of information and know ledge as a resource. Moreover, organisations must know more about the means that affect processes related to knowledge and information. Knowledge-Based Organisation in Malaysia In the early 1980s, when the Japanese advances in the economy and began to make great impacts on the business state of affairs, knowledge work began to make headway to the workers levels. The Japanese enterprises show their way to knowledge work at the workers levels through such practices as QCC activities, 5S activities, Kaizen suggestion schemes and the like. These practices continue to contribute to improving productivity and competitiveness in production. By mid 1980s, Japan has overwhelmed other western companies and organisations with their low cost and high quality products by it techniques and quality tools. Malaysia as any other countries in the world is moving towards improving their information technology facilities and services. After achieving independence on 31 August 1957, Malaysia was basically a resource-based country and depending on the extraction of natural resources. The need to provide jobs for the local population then was one of the primary foci of the economic development plans. In order to compete with Japanese organisation success Malaysian government in the Malaysian Context of Industrial Development has emphasis learning in every national agenda. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) Malaysia launched the First Industrial Master Plan, 1986-1995 (IMP1) in 1986 with the main focus is to rationalize the industrial growth process and the growth of manufacturing industry. The Malaysian Prime Minister first mooted Vision 2020 in 1991 and it is Malaysia national vision for the countrys continuing development into a developed nation (Ahmad Sarji Abdul Hamid, 1993). Even with the success of the IMP, the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth recorded over the period 1992-1997 was below the expected level. The manufacturing-based industrialization strategy will only take the country into an industrial society and this will not be sufficient to achieve the post-industrial/advanced industrial society and a civil society as envisaged in the Vision 2020 (NITC, 1998). As Malaysia prepares to become a knowledge-based economy, new strategic focus calls for the nation to work towards the digital economy and a knowledge-based economy. The national response to this is the National IT Agenda (NITA) to direct the progress and the Multimedia Super Corridor (MDC, 1999) and its associated programs that aim to create the IT waves towards this new economy (NITC, 1998). Organisations will have to refocus their strategies to be globally competitive. The new competitive strategy will be knowledge-based, and organisations will have to be knowledge-focused. Even if production of tangible outputs is the core business, the competitive strategy will have to be knowledge-based. In other words, the competitiveness of an organisation will be its knowledge rather than is physical outputs. The proposition here is that managing and exploiting organisational knowledge or knowledge management is a strategic focus for organisation to achieve competitiveness, and the learning organisation is the outcome of this strategic process. Knowledge Management initiatives are developing in a wide variety of government sectors in varying countries around the world and this conference will provide and intergovernmental forum for the discussion of best practice in public sector knowledge management. A recent survey reveals that 73% of governments feel they have made mistakes in setting up their online systems and 56% say that the work has taken longer than expected. Nonetheless, 89% are not yet tired of implementing e-government. By placing individual services on-line, government departments could achieve cost savings of up to 25 percent. If departments collaborate to provide a one-stop shop for a handful of services-say, by creating a World Wide Web site where you apply for a drivers license, pay a traffic ticket, and make an appointment for an emission inspection-the figure raises to 45 percent. Getting departments to collaborate is the tricky part. What is Knowledge? Knowledge as we all know comes from a cycle that involves the transformation from data to information and to knowledge. Information if it is not interpreted accordingly will not be knowledge. Knowledge is an organised combination of data, assimilated with set of rules, procedures, and operations learnt through experience and practice and without meaning knowledge are just information or data (Bhatt, 2001). It is only through meaning that information finds life and becomes knowledge (Bhatt, 2000). McDermott describes six characteristics of knowledge that distinguish it from information (McDermott, 1999): 1. Knowledge is a human act. 2. Knowledge is the residue of thinking. 3. Knowledge is created in the present moment. 4. Knowledge belongs to communities. 5. Knowledge circulates through communities in many ways. 6. New knowledge is created at the boundaries of old. In today competitive environment, organisations are competing which each other to achieve a high competitive advantage. In this era information is now considered as the most important assets in organisation. Information comes from knowledge and knowledge comes from the mind and experience of an individuals. Davenport and Prusak (1998) have provided the following definition of knowledge: Knowledge is a fluid mix of framed experiences, values, contextual information, and expert insight that provides a framework for evaluation and incorporating new experiences and information. If originates and is applied in the minds of knower. In organisations, it is often becomes embedded not only in documents of repositories but also in organizational routines, processes, practice, and norms. Knowledge management emphasizes on the inter-personal communication over the mere capture and storage of knowledge. Organizational intellectual assets and capital are the most priority aspects of the knowledge management efforts. Knowledge is the important elements in a value-chain. This value chain includes data, information, knowledge, wisdom, and the conceptualisation of knowledge management as a process of refinement, leveraging data and information to the more valuable level. These value-added elements can help organisations in problem solving and decision-making to improve performance and increase innovations. Innovation is an ongoing process in which organisations create problems, define them, and then develop new knowledge for their solution (Beveren, 2002). Knowledge Management Knowledge management is an emerging trend. This is because organisations have started to realize the importance of knowledge in order to achieve competitive advantage. Recent years have seen an explosive increase of interest in knowledge management. As well as a massive outpouring of books and articles on KM, many organizations have embarked upon their own KM programmes. A recent KPMG survey (KPMG, 1998) of 100 leading UK firms found that a staggering 43% of respondents were undertaking some kind of KM initiative. For an organisation to survive they must be able to move one step further from their competitors and would be able to differentiate themselves between other. Creating and sustaining a competitive advantage a one way of achieving goals. To coupe with these rapidly changing environments, organisations needs to know what are their corporate knowledge assets and manage these assets to sustain competitive advantage. Knowledge belongs to the family of progressively increasing corporate assets, like management systems, brand identity, customer information and corporate reputation (Pascarella, 1997). Knowledge is a person, highly personal asset and represents the collective expertise and efforts of networks and alliances. Knowledge management has becoming the most critical aspect in organisation to achieve competitive advantage. Nonaka (1991) stated that in an economy where the only certainty is uncertainty, the one sure source of lasting competitive advantage is knowledge. According to McCampbell (1999), to have a successful knowledge management projects, knowledge management was at least partially responsible for a major transformation of one large consulting firm and the transformation was all-embracing in terms of a marked improvement in financial result for the firm while engaged in knowledge management practices. Knowledge Management is multi-disciplinary approach and has now becoming very powerful concept. It is rapidly growing practice used as strategic tool for organisation to produce efficient and productive product and services. This concept helps organisations to seek and maximize value by helping people innovate and acclimatize in the face of change. As the world is moving towards a global knowledge economy, proper management and practice of knowledge can transform services and product and put value into it. As global competition based on knowledge intensive products or services swiftly increase, it is little wonder that organisations are seeking ways to harness knowledge through business strategies and knowledge management tools and techniques (Vandermerwe, 1997). Many organisations are already thriving in our increasingly knowledge-intensive world, often referred to as the new or knowledge economy. These organisations are achieving success by focusing on how knowledge can be used to deliver value to the organisation and its stakeholders. Knowledge management helps people prepare for an environment of constantly shifting demographics, industries, economies, and customer needs by ensuring that people have the expertise and information they need in order to properly assess business problems and opportunities. Knowledge Management is a process that helps organisations to find, select, organize, disseminate, and transfer important information and expertise necessary for activities such as problem solving, dynamic learning, strategic learning and decision-making (Gupta, Iyer and Aronson, 2000). Knowledge management caters the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially, it embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings (Malhotra, 1998). Tacit and Explicit Knowledge There are two types of knowledge. Knowledge that cannot be articulated is called tacit knowledge. In organisations, tacit knowledge is the personal knowledge used by members to perform their work and make sense of their worlds (Choo, 2000). Tacit knowledge is also as important as explicit knowledge. The only problem that occurs is that tacit knowledge is hard to be explained and communicate. As Michael Polanyi the chemist-turned-philosopher who coined the term, put it, We know more than we can tell. Polanyi used the example of being able to recognize a persons face but being only vaguely able to describe how that is done. Contrast to tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge is the knowledge that has been articulated, capture in the form of text, tables, diagrams, product specifications and so on (Cortada, 2000). Explicit knowledge is also knowledge that is expressed formally using a system of symbols and can therefore be easily communicated and diffuse (Choo, 2000). This type of knowledge is the most recognized and captured by organisations. Most organisations concentrate more on explicit knowledge because it is easy to understand and capture (Barlow, 2000). Both tacit and explicit knowledge are very important and critical to organizational information or knowledge management system development. It is just a matter of identify and captured it to make it as an valuable assets. TACIT EXPLICIT INDIVIDUAL DEPENDENT Personal Tacit Self-Motivated Creativity Know-How Know-What Know-Why INDIVIDUAL INDEPENDENT Cultural Tacit Organisational Tacit (e.g. Causal Ambiguity) Regulator Assets (Copyrights, Patents, Trademarks) There are three types of explicit knowledge resident in any organisation 1. Cognitive knowledge, 2. Advanced systems skills, and 3. Systems understanding. In Figure 1, Meso and Smith (2000) described cognitive knowledge, also termed know-what is the basic mastery of a discipline that professionals achieve through extensive training and certification (Quinn et al., 1996). Advanced skills or know-how refer to the ability to apply rules of a discipline to complex real-world problems (Quinn et al., 1996). Systems understanding, also termed know-why is the deep understanding of the web of cause-and-effect relationships underlying a discipline (Quinn et al., 1996; Nonaka, 1991). The creation of new knowledge comes from the ongoing innovations form learning organisations. Therefore, organizational learning occurs at the intersection of tacit and explicit knowledge during the interaction of the various employees, departments or teams in an organisation (Nonaka, 1991). Sustainable competitive advantage results from innovation. Innovation in turn results from the creation of new knowledge (Meso and Smith, 2000). Knowledge Creation It is process how organisation gathers internal and external information in one system. Knowledge creation refers to the ability of an organisation to develop novel and useful idea and solution (Marakas, 1999). Nonaka (1994) identifies four mechanisms for knowledge creation: 1. Socialisation whereby one individual shares tacit knowledge with other. Sharing of experiences through observation, imitation and practice; 2. Combination whereby one pieces of explicit knowledge is combined with other; 3. Externalisation whereby tacit knowledge is made explicit; and 4. Internalisation process of experiencing knowledge through an explicit source, where explicit knowledge is converted into tacit. Meanwhile Rovertson (2001) has identified four types of organisational knowledge: 1. Conscious, which is an individuals explicit knowledge; 2. Automatic, which is an individuals implicit knowledge; 3. Objectified, which is explicit, social knowledge, and 4. Collective, which is implicit, social knowledge. Knowledge Capture Knowledge can be captured inside and outside organisation. The captured knowledge then will be integrated within one system in organisation as a resource. The purpose of knowledge management is to integrate internal and external knowledge at all time in order to cope with environmental changes both within and outside the organisation, to solve existing problem as well as to innovate for business expansion. Beveren (2002) provides a model where information is acquired through the sensors and processed in the brain by using prior knowledge (see Figure 1). Where: Knowledge is the stock of conceptual tools and categories used by humans to create, collect and share information. During the processing of information, new knowledge can be acquired or created for future use, when more or new information is acquired and processed. Knowledge Dissemination Knowledge dissemination in corporate knowledge is involving with the activity to disseminate or distributes knowledge to members in organisation. Knowledge benefited to organisation if they can disseminate. Knowledge needs to distributed and shared if an organisation to leverage value from it (Bhatt, 2000). Beveren (2002) illustrates how knowledge is transformed into information within the brain to be communicated externally through language or demonstration (see Figure 2). Language in this model includes all forms of communication, such as written, verbal and body language. In this model, the prior knowledge contained in human brains is required for the creation of information, just as the creation of knowledge often requires the input of information through the sensors to the brain. The initial formation of prior knowledge has been a huge area of debate for many years and has been discussed from two opposed positions, the empiricists and the nativists. Organizational Learning 2.5.3 Knowledge Sharing The organisational creation of differential knowledge, at its central part, springs unpredictably and unknowingly from social interchanges between competent organisations. Thus the importance of organizational behaviour in adapting to change is self-evident. Unfortunately, our understanding of the processes of organizational change is quite limited. The basic facts of human cognition are that our brains have the capacity to establish an extremely large number of possible networks of connections, but only a small fraction of this potential can be realized. Indeed, the growth of knowledge and the possibility of innovation depend on the incompleteness of present connections (Loasby, 2000b). Knowledge sharing only takes place on a significant scale where organisations have organized themselves into communities of practice. These communities need to be integrated to the companys strategy and its organizational structure.The phenomenon of communities of practice is known under different names. The World Bank, for example, is leveraging global knowledge sharing to attain its goal of becoming a clearinghouse for expertise on sustainable development (Wah, 1999) and they are called thematic groups; in Hewlett Packard they are learning communities or learning networks; in Chevron they are called best practice teams, and in Xerox they are know as family groups (Denning, 2000). Many practitioners pf knowledge managementincreasingly see knowledge sharing as a better description of what they are about than knowledge management. Advantages of knowledge sharing as a term include its commonsense comprehensibility, along with a certain degree of inter-activity implicit in any sharing. Drawbacks of knowledge sharing include the possibility that even sharing is insufficiently interactive, and that it implies (falsely) that the existence of knowledge precedes the sharing process, thereby (wrongly) separating knowledge management from knowledge creation and innovation and research. Knowledge Exploitation Knowledge exploitation is one of the vital parts in corporate knowledge. Knowledge exploitation means making knowledge more active and relevant for the organisation in creating values. If an organisation did not find it easy to locate the right kind of knowledge, the organisation may find it difficult to sustain its competitive advantage (Ganesh 2001). There are certain indicators for an organisations ability to create, disseminate and apply knowledge. Demarest (1997) identified six key questions an organisation has to answer to participate in knowledge management effectively: 1. The culture, actions and beliefs of managers about the value, purpose and role of knowledge; 2. The creation, dissemination and use of knowledge within the organisation; 3. The kind of strategic and commercial benefits a organisation can expect by the use of effective knowledge management; 4. The maturity of knowledge systems in the organisations; 5. How a organisation organise for knowledge management; and 6. The role of information technology in the knowledge management program. Using Demarests model, McAdam (2000) in his research on A comparison of public and private sector perceptions and use of knowledge management found that in terms of knowledge construction, organisations recognised the need for both a scientific and a social construction of knowledge if the benefits of knowledge management were to be realised. Knowledge embodiment was found to be highly dependent on employee interchange, which must be recognised as a source of knowledge and key to the success of knowledge embodiment in organisations dissemination and use. Approaches to knowledge dissemination as part of a KM system were found to be mainly ad hoc. There was little systematic use of the more sophisticated methods available. The use/benefits of knowledge management within the organisations studied was based mainly on reduced costs, and improved quality and efficiency. Creating, managing and transferring knowledge is the top of agenda for a growing number of organisations in the Chase study. They believe knowledge management would improve performance and result such as improved decision making, increased responsiveness to customer, improved efficiency of people and processes, increased ability to innovate and improved products and services (Chase, 1997). Although organisations recognised the importance of creating, managing and transferring knowledge, the research findings also found that many of the organisations still have been unable to translate this competitive needs into strategies. Other conclusion from his study is that the best practice organisations are experiencing great difficulty in translating knowledge management theory into practice. Communities of Practice In todays organisations community of practice seems very important for employees to contribute and share their tacit and explicit knowledge for the organisation development. Community of practice can be define as a group of practitioners who share a common interest or passion in an area of competence and are willing to share the experiences of their practice. Community of practice can play an important role in leveraging knowledge in organisation. Gamble and Blackwell (2001) defined community of practice as collections of individuals bound by informal relationship who share a similar work role in a common context. They are groups that: 1. Come together voluntarily for a shared purpose; 2. Have members that identify themselves as part of the community; 3. Repeatedly engage in activities with other member s and communities; 4. Have interactions that last for an indeterminate period of time. An essential ingredient of knowledge sharing programs in large organisations is the community of practice. In undertaking knowledge sharing programs, most organisations have found sooner or later that the nurturing of knowledge-based communities of practice is a sine qua non to enabling significant knowledge sharing to take place. Such communities are typically based on the affinity created by common interests or experience, where practitioners face a common set of problems in a particular knowledge area, and have an interest in finding, or improving the effectiveness of, solutions to those problems (Denning, 2000). Launching and nurturing communities of practice for knowledge sharing programs can be accomplished in a variety of ways (Denning, 2000). 1. Endorsing informal communities that already exist. 2. Asking practitioners what issues they care about. 3. Instructing leaders to form communities. 4. Launching purely virtual communities. 5. Launching communities among the incorrigibles. Communities of practice can add value into organisations in several important ways: 1. Community of practice can help to drive strategy. 2. They can start new lines of business. 3. They can solve problems quickly. 4. They transfer best practice. 5. They develop professional skills. 6. They help companies recruit and retain talent. Organisational Culture Organizational culture is a critically important aspect for facilitating sharing, learning, and knowledge creation. It is not homogeneous and sometimes has subcultures (McDermontt and Odell, 2001). An open culture with incentives built around integrating individual skills and experiences into organizational knowledge will be more successful (Gupta, Iyer and Aronson, 2000). Goh (2002) argues that one cultural dimension critical to knowledge transfer is co-operation and collaboration. Recent research on co-operation in organisation may help increase organizational understanding of the dynamic knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer requires the willingness of a group or individual to work with others and share knowledge to their mutual benefit. Without co-operations and collaboration culture knowledge transfer form individuals and groups will not be successful. Culture plays significant function in the success of knowledge management implementations. McDermontt and Odell (2001) used a definition of culture that helped to see its multiple levels (Figure3). Following Schein (1985), McDermontt and ODell defined culture as: The shared values, beliefs and practices of the people in the organisation. Culture is reflected in the visible aspects of the organisation, like its mission and espoused values. But culture exists on a deeper level as well, embedded in the way people act, what they expect of each other and how they make sense of each others actions. Finally, culture is rooted in the organisations core values and assumptions. Often these are not only unarticulated, but so taken-for granted that they are hard to articulate, invisible to organizational members. Because of these layers of culture, people can often act in ways inconsistent with the organisations articulated mission and values, but consistent with its underlying or core values. Following this definition, in an organisation with a knowledge sharing culture, people would share ideas and insights because they see it as natural, rather than something they are forced to do. They would expect it of each other and assume that sharing ideas is th e right thing to do. In order to achieve high level of collaborations and co-operations, there is a fundamental variable needed. It is a matter of trust. A high level of trust is therefore an essential condition for a willingness to cooperate. Trust belongs to the area of human factors in knowledge management. It is defined as expectations and acts that the members of the community direct to each other. In organisations trust supports and enables collaboration and knowledge sharing which are processes related to knowledge management. Collaboration and knowledge sharing are based on organizational culture and climate, which can either support or prevent them (Yoon, 2000). In order to overcome cultural barriers to sharing knowledge has more to do with how organisations design and implement their knowledge management effort than with changing the existing organizational culture (McDermontt and ODell, 2001). It involves balancing the visible and invisible dimensions of culture; visibly demonstrating the importance of sharing knowledge and building on the invisible core values. The companies we studied felt they are still learning how to do this effectively. McDermontt and ODell (2001) derive five critical aspects about aligning knowledge sharing with the organisation culture. 1. To create a knowledge sharing culture, make a visible connection between sharing knowledge and practical business goals, problems or results. 2. Match the overall style of your organisation rather than to directly copy the practices developed by other organisations. 3. Link sharing knowledge to widely held core values. By linking with core values of the organisation values, you make sharing knowledge consistent with peers expectations and managers considerations. 4. Human networks are one of the key vehicles for sharing knowledge. To build a sharing culture, enhance the networks that already exist. Enable them with tools, resources and legitimisation. 5. Recruit the support of people in your organisation who already share ideas and insights. Managers need to encourage and even pressure people to share their knowledge. Build sharing knowledge into routine performance appraisal. There must be a well-built culture of continuous improvement and learning, linked to problem seeking and problem solving and focused on specific values such as product quality and customer service. Employees are encouraged to gather relevant information and to use and share that information in problem solving and implementing innovative solutions and practices (Goh, 2002). Organisational Knowledge Structures Organisational knowledge structure is different than organisational culture and climate in at least two significant ways. The concept of knowledge structures deals with goals, cause-and-effect perspective, and other cognitive essentials. Furthermore knowledge structure is more clearly linked to an organisations plan for survival and more subject to change than an organisations culture, neither of which changes readily of provides specific strategies for action for an organisation (Lyles, 1992). In developing knowledge structures, there are three stages that individuals go through to reach agreement (Weick and Bougon, 1986): 1. Agreement on which concepts capture and abstract their joint experience; 2. Consensus on relations among these concepts, and; 3. Similarity of view on how these related concepts affects each party. Human resource is an important asset and within these resources lays the knowledge useful for organisations. In order to develop organizational knowledge the role of individual knowledge is very important. Organizational Change The organisations creation of differential knowledge, at its core, springs unpredictably and unknowingly from social interchanges between competent organisations. Thus the importance of organizational behaviour in a